1. Ch. 11: Human Development Across the Life Span 1

2. Progress Before Birth: Prenatal Development 3 phases –germinal stage (Zygote) = first 2 weeks conception, implantation, formation of placenta –embryonic stage = 2 weeks – 2 months formation of vital organs and systems Heart, spine, brain, arm, legs, hands, feet, fingers, toes, eyes & ears. Most miscarriage occur and birth defects. –fetal stage = 2 months – birth bodily growth continues, movement capability begins, brain cells multiply, sex organs develop age of viability. 22-26 weeks Human Development 2

3. Union of Egg & Sperm 3

4. Genetic Influences X- Chromosomes –sex chromosome found in both males & females –females have two, males have one –an X-chromosome from each parent produces a female Y-Chromosomes –sex chromosome found only in males –when paired with a X-chromosome from the mother, it produces a male child 4

5. Progress Before Birth: Prenatal Development Prenatal Period 9 complete months (40 weeks) –1 in 5 pregnancies end before the women is aware she pregnant. –Placenta. Allows oxygen and nutrients to pass through the fetus Human Development 5

6. Environmental Factors Prenatal Development Maternal nutrition Malnutrition linked to increased risk of birth complications, neurological problems, and psychopathology Teratogens agents that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development & cause harm -Chemical, alcohol, some medicines, cocaine, nicotine, viral Fetal Alcohol Syndrome physical & cognitive abnormalities caused by drinking in pregnancy Human Development 6

7. The Childhood Years: Motor Development Rooting Reflex: tendency to turn head, open mouth & search for nipple when touched on the cheek Grasping Reflex: infants can hold there own body weight –Cephalocaudal trend – head to foot –Proximodistal trend – center-outward Human Development 7

8. Infancy & Childhood Maturation: biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior, uninfluenced by experience Developmental norms – median age –Cultural variations 8

9. Easy and Difficult Babies: Differences in Temperament Human Development Temperament- Mood, activity level & emotional reactivity (established by 2-3 months old) Thomas, Chess, and Birch (1970) 3 basic temperamental styles easy – 40% slow-to-warm-up – 15% difficult – 10% mixed – 35% stable over time 9

10. Early Emotional Development: Attachment Attachment- close emotional bonds of affection. Develop around 6-8 months old Evolutionary Perspective- Attachment styles correlate to adult patterns in romantic relationships Human Development 10

11. Social Development Critical Period an optimal period shortly after birth when a organism’s exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces proper development Imprinting the process that certain animals form attachments during a critical period very early in life 11

12. Harry Harlow: Attachment Preferences Surrogate Mother Experiment: monkeys prefer contact with comfortable cloth mother, even while feeding from the nourishing wire mother 12

13. Early Emotional Development: Attachment Separation anxiety- Peaks around 14-18 months –Ainsworth (1979). Relationship between infant & mother (caretaker) –The strange situation and patterns of attachment Secure Anxious-ambivalent Avoidant Developing secure attachment –Bonding at birth –Daycare –Cultural factors Human Development 13

14. Ainsworth Separation Anxiety 14

15. Stage Theories of Development: Personality Stage theories, three components –progress through stages in order –progress through stages related to age –major discontinuities in development Human Development 15

16. Stage Theories of Development Human Development 16

17. Stage Theories: Cognitive Development Jean Piaget (1920s-1980s) –4 stages and major milestones Sensorimotor Birth-2 –Object permanence Preoperational 2-7 –Centration: 1 thing @ a time –Irreversibilty: unable to rewind –Egocentrism: unable to share others views Concrete Operational 7-11 –Decentration, Reversibility, & Conservation Formal Operational 11< –Abstraction Human Development 17

18. Piaget 18

19. Piaget’s Stage Theory Human Development 19

20. Piaget’s Conservation Task Human Development 20

21. The gradual mastery of conservation Human Development 21

22. Cognitive Development Schema- framework that organizes & interprets info Assimilation - Interpreting new experiences in terms of mental structures without changing them. Accommodation - Changing existing mental structures to explain new experiences. Habituation - A gradual reduction in strength of a response when presented repeatedly. Dishabituation - If a new stimulus elicits am increase in strength of an habituated response. Human Development 22

23. The Development of Moral Reasoning –Kohlberg Reasoning as opposed to behavior: Moral dilemmas: Measured nature & progression of moral reasoning –3 levels, each with 2 sublevels Preconventional (Stages 1&2) –Acts are wrong b/c they are punished »Stop b/c you fear a ticket –Acts are right b/c they lead to positive consequences »Stop b/c you wont get into an accident Conventional (Stages 3&4) –Acts are determined by other’s approval/disapproval »Stop b/c you want to be a good citizen –Rules become internalized & viewed as absolute »Stop b/c it’s right Postconventional (Stages 5&6) –Rules are less rigid & show some flexibity »Slow down, not stopping (no one will catch you) –Allows for the possibility that you might not comply with society’s rules b/c it conflicts w/ personal ethics »Don’t stop b/c you feel there’s no point no one will get hurt& no one »is watching Human Development 23

24. Kohlberg’s Stage Theory Human Development 24

25. Adolescence: Physiological Changes Primary Sex Characteristics body structures that make sexual reproduction possible ovaries- female testes- male external genitalia Secondary Sex Characteristics nonreproductive sexual characteristics female- enlarged breast, hips male- voice quality, body hair Menarche first menstrual period Human Development 25

26. Physical development at Puberty Human Development 26

27. Adolescence: Neural Changes Increasing myelinization Synaptic pruning Changes in prefrontal cortex Human Development 27

28. The Search for Identity Erik Erikson (1968) –Key challenge - forming a sense of identity –Eight stages spanning the lifespan –Psychosocial crises determining balance between opposing polarities in personality Human Development 28

29. Erikson’s Stage Theory Human Development 29

30. Search for Identity James Marcia (1988) –4 identity statuses Foreclosure: identity based on parents Moratorium: undecided Identity Diffusion: Refuse to identify Identity Achievement: Achieve your own identity based on actual research/experience 30

31. Adulthood Personality Development. (Stable until 50) –Midlife Crisis Transitions in Family Life –“U” Shaped Martial Bliss –Between Families Aging & Physical Changes –Physical Changes –Vision & Hearing –Hormonal Functioning –Dementia 31

32. The Expanse of Adulthood Social Clock the culturally preferred timing of social events such as marriage, parenthood, & retirement Crystallized Intelligence accumulated knowledge & verbal skills, increases w/ age Fluid Intelligence ability to reason speedily & abstractly, decreases during late adulthood Human Development 32