1. States of Matter
Changes all around us

2. What is Matter?
Matter is anything that has mass (atoms) and volume (takes up space).
EVERYTHING is made of matter.

4. 3 States of Matter

5. Water in all 3 states

6. 4 States of Matter There are four states of matter: Solid Liquid Gas
Plasma

7. What Makes Something a Solid?
Solids:
Retain their shape,
Molecules are close together, with strong force between molecules that holds the shape,
Molecules moving very slowly (vibrating)

8. Solids

9. What Makes Something a Liquid?
Liquids:
Take the shape of its container,
Molecules close but not as tightly held as in solids,
Molecules move around each other.
Liquids can have different viscosities

10. What is Viscosity?
Viscosity = a liquids resistance to changing its shape.
Thicker = higher viscosity
Thinner = lower viscosity

11. What is a Gas? Gas: takes the shape of its container,
molecules are very far apart and moving fast.

12. Some Gas

13. More Gas

14. Lots and Lots of Gas

15. Everything is in Motion
All molecules are in motion

16. Everything has Heat
All molecules have heat.

17. What is Heat?
Heat is a transfer of energy

18. WHAT IS HEAT? Heat is: a transfer of thermal energy
Thermal energy is the energy of the molecules of a substance
Heat always goes from the warmer substance to the colder substance

19. Where Does Heat Come From?
Sun, burning fuel, friction

20. How Does Heat Move? From HOT to COLD

21. Convection
Convection = a substance in motion carries heat energy with it. (requires matter)

22. Conduction
Conduction = is the molecule to molecule transfer of heat energy. (requires matter)

23. Radiation
Radiation = photons travel through space from emitter to another point (does not require matter)

24. How Do We Measure Heat?
Thermometer – measures the average Kinetic energy of the molecules in a substance.
Celsius = water freezes at 0oC and boils at 100oC
Farenheit = water freezes at 32oF and boils at 212oF.
Kelvin = begins at Absolute Zero = -275 celsius = limit of coldness = the lowest possible kinetic energy that molecules can have (Theoretic point)

25. What is Absolute Zero?
Absolute Zero = the temperature at which kinetic energy of molecules is zero, there is NO movement of the molecules.

26. The Kinetic Molecular Theory
Kinetic Molecular Theory – explains thermal energy as the random movement of atoms or molecules; explains the properties of matter.
All matter is made of atoms (molecules)
The molecules are in constant motion (kinetic)
Motion and spacing of the molecules determines the state of matter
Temperature of the molecules determines the motion and thereby the state of matter.
More heat = more motion = more space

28. Molecular Spacing and Heat Determine State of Matter or Phase
Solid = close molecules, slow, “cold”
Liquid = pretty close, faster, “warm”
Gas = far apart, fast, “hot”

29. Phase Changes – Evaporation and Boiling
Liquid + heat  Gas (Evaporation)
ex. Puddle disappearing on a hot day (Boiling)
Boiling = pressure of escaping water vapor = air pressure

32. Evaporation is a Cooling Process

33. Phase Changes - Melting
Solid + heat  Liquid (Melting)
ex. Ice melting to water

34. Phase Changes - Condensation
Gas – heat  Liquid (Condensation)
ex. Liquid forming on the outside of a cold glass

37. Phase Changes - Freezing
Liquid – heat  Solid (Freezing)
ex. Water cooling and changing into ice

39. Phase Changes - Sublimation
Solid + heat  Gas (Sublimation)
ex. Dry ice, moth balls disappear over time

44. Phase Changes - Deposition
Gas – heat  Solid (Deposition)
ex. Snow, frost on windows, breath on cold day, frost in freezer

45. Thermal Expansion
Thermal Expansion = the expansion that occurs as a substance is heated

47. Review