1. Chapter 21 Part 3 Pages 717-723

2. Terms to Know De Facto Segregation De Jure Segregation Malcolm X Stokely Carmichael Black Power Kerner Commission Civil Rights Act 1968 Affirmative Action

3. Segregation in the North De Facto: more about attitude than the law. De Jure: racism, discrimination that could be legally abolished with legal changes African Americans wanted to share social and economic power

4. De Facto Segregation in the North White flight to the suburbs Most Black were left in the cities Increasing poverty, decaying buildings and services Landlords failed to follow health and safety laws Joblessness, poverty increasing crime All whit police forces

5. Increasing urban violence School segregation = rioting Assassinations = Rioting 1965 After Voting Rights Act passed a huge riiot in Watts 34 killed many more injured and looting, property damage

6. 1966-67 Rioting in over 100 U.S. cities Johnson’s War on Poverty failed because most of U.S. money was diverted to the War iin Vietnam

7. Malcolm X Became a brilliant spokesman for the Nation of Islam Believed in Self defense (rather than King’s passive resistance) Was also a Black separatist Blamed the White man for most of Black’s problems

8. Malcolm X 1964 went on a pilgrimage to Mecca (an obligation of orthodox Muslims) Studied and changed some of his beliefs Was no longer racist 1965 was assassinated upon his return…by members of the Nation of Islam

9. Black Power SNCC and the Black Panthers More Black Nationalism…pride 1966 The Black Panthers were founded in Oakland, California by Bobby Seale and Huey Newton. The Panthers killed 11 police officers within one year

10. Cleaver Ran the Black Panthers while Newton and Seale were in jail Wrote Soul on Ice The Black Power movement frightened Middle Class Whites and moderate Blacks The Black Power Movement seemed to encourage violence

11. Panthers Fought police brutality (still a problem today) Were also anti-war because African Americans were overrepresented in Vietnam

12. 1968 A Turning Point King was killed by James Earl Ray Resulted in more rioting Bobby Kennedy was killed by Sirhan Sirhan He claimed to represent the underclasses in American society and was also anti-war Had just won the California primary No more great leaders for the movement left

13. Richard Nixon Republican Claimed to represent the Silent Majority Was the Law and Order candidate….was appealing to most in America Claimed to have a secret plan to end the war as well

14. The Kernner Commission Established by LBJ to investigate and report on the causes of urban violence Conclusion: the main cause of urban violence is White racism Made recommendations in a huge document But Johnson took no action

15. Since School Integration… More African Americans finish High school and go on to college Better Jobs More African American voters and office holders

16. Affirmative Action One method used to try to make up for past wrongs Or to try to narrow the racial gap Is often used for Jobs or college enrollment And is very controversial today.