1. Mercantilism – Had to accumulate gold and silver (Favorable trade balance) – Self-sufficient in raw materials Navigation Acts – All goods coming from or going to the colonies had to be carried on English ships – Specific raw materials that could only be sold to England and its colonies

2. English Bill of Rights – Had to consent to Parliament on taxes and raising an army – No cruel and unusual punishment – Freedom of speech in Parliament – Right to a fair trial by jury – No more absolute power for the king

3. John Locke – Political Philosopher, Two Treatises of Government All people born with certain natural rights – Life, Liberty, and Property – If monarchs violated contract with the people, people have a right to overthrow – Describing the American experience Enlightenment – Challenged the authority of the church, elevated the power of human reason Great Awakening Dependence on God Wide appeal among low commoners

4. Enlightenment – Natural Laws, Rationalism – John Locke Essay on Human Understanding – Jean Jacques Rousseau The Social Contract – Baron Montesquieu Spirit of the Laws

5. Great Awakening – Pietism Devotion and emotional union with God – Revivals – Reaction to the Enlightenment – Jonathan Edwards Internal emotional experience that brings one to God – George Whitefield Influenced by John Wesley, founder of Methodism Powerful emotional speaker New Lights, Old Lights – Great Awakening had a huge impact on the South Baptists had huge impact on poor farmers, welcomed slaves Planters had a violent response to this – Both movements emphasized individualism that supported independence Enlightenment argued against British rule Great Awakening undermined allegiance to traditional authority