2. Terodiline Aromatic p-hydroxylation predominate with R but benzylic hydroxylation is preferred with S (homework)

3. Reduction Play an important role in the metabolism of compounds containing azo, nitro, and carbonyl Reduction A- Reduction of aldehyde and ketones B- Reduction of nitro and azo compounds C- Reduction of sulfones

4. Azo reduction

5. Nitro reduction

6. Aldehyde and ketones (CO)

7. Reduction of sulfone

8. N.B sometimes Sulphur metabolized to O

9. Hydrolytic reactions A-Esters hydrolysis B- Amide hydrolysis - One of the major biotransformation reactions - Carried out by non specific esterases found in kidney, liver and intestine (and pseudo choline esterase in plasma) - Amides undergo hydrolysis by liver microsomal amidases, and esterases. - Amides hydrolyzed more slowly than esters.

10. I-Ester hydrolysis

11. 2-Amide hydrolysis

12. Effect of metabolism on therapeutic activity Imipramine----desipramine (more antidepressant) Iproniazid (antidepressant)--------- INH (anti T.B)

13. Phase II reactions Glucuronide conjugation Sulphate conjugation Acetylation and acylation Glycine conjugation Glutathion ( not all in the liver)

14. Glucuronide conjugation Liver enzyme catalyze synthesis of uridene diphosphate glucoronic acid (UDPGA) It affect OH,SH,COOH,CONH Xenobiotic reacts with the activated form of glucuronic acid (UDPGA) to form highly water soluble conjugate. This reaction is catalysed by microsomal uridine diphosphate glucuranyl transferase(UDPG- transferase).

18. Sulphate conjugation For phenols, alcohols and amines. It originates from the body sulfate pole. Activated by conjugation with ATP to form 3-phosphoadenosine-5- phosphosulfate(PAPS) Then the sulfate moiety of PAPS bind to OH---------- under the effect of sulphotransferase

21. Acylation reactions Occur with NH2,OH and SH

22. Although water solubility is not increased,it helps in terminating the pharmacological activity of the drug or its amino metabolite. Acetyl transferase is found in many tissues e.g liver

23. Amino acid conjugation Amino acid glycine and glutamine are most common. For COOH and aromatic acids Amino acids are not converted to activated enzymes but COOH is activated with ATP and CoAto form acyl CoA which acylate A.A

25. Glutathione and mercaptouric acid conjugation GSH is a thiol containing tripeptide It plays an important role in detoxification(for electrophilic compounds).(caused by the presence of electron with drowing groups as X,NO2,NO3,epoxide) It protect vital constituents by its nucleophilic SH gp. Conjugation is catalyzed by glutathione S-transferase. Degradation of GSH conjugates ----to mercaptouric acid by microsomal enzymes