1. Millennium Development Goals Peru vs. Ecuador Created by: Amber Perez & Eric Somppi

2. What are the Millennium Development Goals?  They are the United Nation’s quantified and time-bound targets for addressing extreme poverty in all its dimensions. These dimensions are income, poverty, hunger, disease, lack of adequate shelter, and exclusion-while promoting gender equality, education, and environmental sustainability as well.

3. Goal #1: Eradicate Extreme Poverty and Hunger  Halve, between 1990 and 2015, the proportion of people whose income is less than $1.25 a day  Achieve full and productive employment and decent work for all, including women and young people  Halve, between 1990 and 2015, the proportion of people who suffer from hunger

4.  Peru Poverty  GDP per capita $4,109.6 2010-2014 (Measured in 2005 US DOLLARS)  GNI per capita (Atlas method, current US dollars) $6,270  Percent of people living under $1.25/day: 4.9% Jobs  Unemployment 2015: 6.8% Hunger  Percent malnutrition Prevalence (weight per age, children under 5): (2012) 3.5%  Ecuador Poverty  GDP per capita $6002.89 2010-2014 (Measured in 2005 US DOLLARS)  GNI per capita (Atlas method, current US dollars) $5760  Percent of people living under $1.25/day: 4.0% Jobs  Unemployment 2015: 10.1% Hunger  Percent malnutrition Prevalence (weight per age, children under 5): (2012) 6.2% Comparison: Looking at the statistics Ecuador is doing better in almost every way expect for the unemployment and malnutrition rates which is almost twice as much as Peru's. Also the HDI scores for Ecuador is.724 versus.741 for Peru. Both countries have a high likelihood of achieving the millennium goal; what they need to focus on is eliminating that 4.9% and 4.0% of people living under $1.25/day. Goal #1

5. Goal #2: Achieve Universal Primary Education Ensure that, by 2015, children everywhere, boys and girls alike, will be able to complete a full course of primary schooling.

6. Goal #2 Peru  School Enrollment: 102% gross enrollment ratio (2013)  Persistence to last grade of primary, female (% of cohort) (2011): 73%  Persistence to last grade of primary, male (% of cohort): 75%  Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group): 93% Ecuador  School Enrollment: 112% gross enrollment ratio (2013)  Persistence to last grade of primary, female (% of cohort) (2011): 93%  Persistence to last grade of primary, male (% of cohort): 87%  Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group): 97% Comparison: Ecuador overall has much higher rates of primary school completion than Peru. Ecuador’s school enrollment is 112% whereas Peru is only at 102%. Also Ecuador has 20% more women in school than Peru. Enrollment to primary school looks good for achieving the millennium goal by 2015 but both countries need to step it up on keeping their kids in classes all the way to the end of primary school.

7. Goal #3: Promote Gender Equality & Empower Women Eliminate gender disparity in primary and secondary education, preferably by 2005, and in all levels of education no later than 2015

8. Goal #3 Peru  Out-of-school children of primary school age. (females): (2013) 96,348  Out-of-school children of primary school age. (males): (2013) 98,284  Progression to secondary school, female (%) (2012): 98  Progression to secondary school, male (%) (2012): 100  Ratio of female to male primary enrollment (%): 99  Ratio of female to male secondary enrollment (%): 98 Ecuador  Out-of-school children of primary school age. (females): (2013) 27,316  Out-of-school children of primary school age. (males): (2013) 40,819  Progression to secondary school, female (%) (2012): 97  Progression to secondary school, male (%) (2012): 99  Ratio of female to male primary enrollment (%): 100  Ratio of female to male secondary enrollment (%): 105 Comparison: When looking at gender equality in each country surprisingly there are nearly double the male students out of school in Ecuador than in Peru. However both countries have more female students out of school than male students, so overall both countries have a little work to do in that area. However, the numbers of boys and girls are close statistically so we have high hopes of both countries meeting the millennium goal.

9. Goal #3 continued  The Peruvian government is currently working to further empower women in Peru and recently launched a project called “Political Dialogue for the Economic Empowerment and Autonomy of Women.” This program seeks to make others aware of inequality in the workplace as well as identify policies that will help address their needs. The company also works on relationships between Peruvian men and women and have established several policies including the promotion of employment and job productivity among women. One of their main goals is to establish economic autonomy among all Peruvian women.  Ecuador has participated in the UN’s call to “step it up” with gender equality and is one among only 5 other countries to have incorporated parity measures for the development of electoral lists reaching more than 41% of women in parliament in 2013. The abolition of various discriminatory laws has taken place and the Ministry of Labor will continue to develop further national policies to address the problem of gender inequality. According to the UN, 60% of Ecuadorian women still remain unemployed but should decrease as more emphasis is placed by the government on gender equality and on women receiving a full education.

10. Goal #4 Reduce Child Mortality Rate Reduce by two thirds, between 1990 and 2015, the under- five mortality rate

11. Goal #4 Peru  Mortality rate, infant (per 1,000 live births): 13  Mortality rate, under-5 (per 1,000 live births): 17 Ecuador  Mortality rate, infant (per 1,000 live births): 19  Mortality rate, under-5 (per 1,000 live births): 23 Comparison: Both countries have fairly low child mortality rates, however Peru is definitely doing a lot better at helping there child survive the first few years of life. Both countries are close to hitting the millenium goal.

12. Goal #5 Improve Maternal Health Reduce by three quarters, between 1990 and 2015, the maternal mortality ratio Achieve, by 2015, universal access to reproductive health

13. Goal #5 Peru  Maternal mortality ratio (modeled estimate, per 100,000 live births): 89  Pregnant women receiving prenatal care (%): 96% (2012) Ecuador  Maternal mortality ratio (modeled estimate, per 100,000 live births): 87  Pregnant women receiving prenatal care (%): 84% (2012) Comparison: Both countries have very similar maternal mortality rates, however Peru has a much higher rate of women receiving prenatal care.

14. Goal #6 Combat HIV/AIDS, Malaria, and Other Diseases  Have halted by 2015 and begun to reverse the spread of HIV/AIDS  Achieve, by 2010, universal access to treatment for HIV/AIDS for all those who need it  Have halted by 2015 and begun to reverse the incidence of malaria and other major diseases

15. Goal #6 Peru  Prevalence of HIV, total (% of population ages 15- 49):.4 (2013)  Peru’s public health service provides Peruvians great access to HIV/AIDS treatment. They are the main source of Peruvian healthcare and their services are open to the public. Law 26626 was also enacted in 1996 and emphasizes and outlines the rights of confidentiality, nondiscrimination, and offers a 100% guarantee of medical treatment to those citizens affected by HIV/AIDS. The main issue that remains is the high price of medication and the Peruvian government’s monopoly of the medication (the price would be able to be much lower if introduced to the free market).  Prevalence of Malaria (per 100,000) : 478 Ecuador  Prevalence of HIV, total (% of population ages 15- 49):.6 (2013)  In 2012, HIV treatment coverage in Ecuador was about 42%; better than many countries but with plenty of room for improvement. In 2003, Ecuador joined 9 other Latin American countries in signing a letter of intent which will essentially reduce the cost of antiretroviral medication as well as HIV diagnostic and monitoring tests. The cost had the effect of reducing the treatment 30-92% and included second-line treatment as well.  Prevalence of Malaria (per 100,000) : 63 Comparison: Both countries have fairly low HIV rate and are only separated by.2 % which is nearly identical. However Peru has quite a lot more case than Ecuador for Malaria.

16. Goal #7 Ensure Environmental Sustainability  Integrate the principles of sustainable development into country policies and programs and reverse the loss of environmental resources  Reduce biodiversity loss, achieving, by 2010, a significant reduction in the rate of loss  Halve, by 2015, the proportion of the population without sustainable access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation  Achieve, by 2020, a significant improvement in the lives of at least 100 million slum dwellers

17. Goal #7 Peru  Improved sanitation facilities (% of population with access): 73% (2013)  Improved water source, rural (% of rural population with access): (2012) 72%  Improved water source, urban (% of urban population with access): (2012) 91% Ecuador  Improved sanitation facilities (% of population with access): 92.9% (2013)  Improved water source, rural (% of rural population with access): (2012) 86.1%  Improved water source, urban (% of urban population with access): (2012) 96.2% Comparison: Ecuador has a much higher availability to clean water than Peru which only 72% versus Ecuador’s which is 92.9%

18. Goal #8 Global Partnership for Development  Develop further an open, rule-based, predictable, nondiscriminatory trading and financial system. This would include a commitment to good governance, development, and poverty reduction. Both nationally and internationally. Address the special needs of the Least Developed Countries along with the special needs of landlocked developing countries and small island developing states. Deal comprehensively with the debt problems of developing countries through national and international measures in order to make debt sustainable in the long term

19. Goal #8 Peru Peru’s global history is wrought with border conflicts and even today continues to have occasional issues with it’s bordering countries (example: Peru’s disputation of maritime limits with Chile in the Pacific Ocean). They have also occasionally re-elected officials that strained international relations even further (such as President Fujimori). However, in recent years, Peru has also made great strides in creating and joining global partnerships and international organizations including the United Nations and the Organization of American States. Peru is also highly active in the Andean Community of Nations and is also one of the founders of the same. Peru is also currently a member of APEC and the World Trade Organization and is participating in negotiations toward Free Trade of the Americas. Ecuador Some of the main emphases of Ecuador’s foreign policies include unwavering support for UN goals and objects as well as an aggressive defense of its territories from outside intruders. They are members of OPEC, the Antarctica Treaty, and various regional groups including the Rio Group, the Latin American Integration Association, the Andean Community of Nations, and the Union of South American Nations. In these global partnerships, they often take the multilateral approach to solve international issues. They appear to be very involved internationally while still maintaining a good degree of autonomy. Comparison: Ecuador in comparison to Peru is a much more peaceable nation with little to no aggression to other countries, whereas Peru is constantly facing problems with larger more aggressive neighbors.

20. Summary: Our research for the Millennium Development Goals found quite a lot of similarities and a good amount of differences between our two countries of Peru and Ecuador. For the first goal, we found that Ecuador has a higher GDP than Peru, however Peru has a much lower malnutrition rate as well as a much lower unemployment rate. We also found that Ecuador has allowed women much more freedom for education than Peru, although it is important to note that both countries are well on their way to gender equality. Our research showed that neither country had very high rate of HIV but Peru did have a much higher rate for Malaria than Ecuador. Neither country allows excess for 100% of the population to have clean drinking water, but Ecuador is much further along in achieving that goal. Peru has been a more aggressive country in contrast to Ecuador’s more peaceful attitude towards their neighbors (acting mostly defensively). Overall, our research found that both of our countries are improving but still have a little work to do in order to achieve each millennium goal completely.

21. References:  http://www.tradingeconomics.com/ecuador/malnutrition- prevalence-weight-for-age-percent-of-children-under-5-wb- data.html http://www.tradingeconomics.com/ecuador/malnutrition- prevalence-weight-for-age-percent-of-children-under-5-wb- data.html  data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.UEM.1524.ZS  http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.DDAYhttp://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.DDAY  https://www.quandl.com/collections/demography/malaria- prevalence-rate-by-country https://www.quandl.com/collections/demography/malaria- prevalence-rate-by-country  http://www.who.int/gho/malaria/en/ http://www.who.int/gho/malaria/en/  worldbank.org  http://www.peruthisweek.com/news-peruvian-government-works-to- empower-women-economically-101783 http://www.peruthisweek.com/news-peruvian-government-works-to- empower-women-economically-101783  http://countrystudies.us/ecuador/76.htm