1. Environmental Chemistry

2. Outcomes
identify common organic and inorganic substances that are essential to the health and growth of humans and other living things,
describe, in general terms, the forms of organic matter synthesized by plants and animals, including carbohydrates, proteins and lipids
are difficult for organisms to break down or eliminate (e.g., DDT, mercury)
identify questions that may need to be addressed in deciding what substances - in what amounts - can be safely released into the environment 
identify substrates and nutrient sources for living things within a variety of environments
investigate and evaluate potential risks resulting from consumer practices and industrial processes, and identify processes used in providing information and setting standards to manage these risks 

3. Why Study Environmental Chemistry?
Coca Cola as a Pesticide?
Why do you think the people of India used cola as a pesticide?

4. Introduction Complete Give it a Try on Page 183
Look at Figure 1.1 and a periodic table to figure out how the elements are represented in the environment.
5 minutes, You can Sign out your device, and sign it in once the research is complete

5. Chemicals in the Environment
All matter is made up of chemicals, which is made up of elements
Some chemicals are a part of living creatures
Carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, and potassium
Some chemicals are necessary for life
Carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids and proteins
Some chemicals can be harmful to living creatures
Mercury

6. Organic and Inorganic Our bodies need 25 elements for normal growth
Organic Molecules are molecules that contain carbon
Ex. Sugar, protein, fat, starch
Inorganic Molecules are molecules that do not contain carbon
Ex. Magnesium and calcium

7. Macronutrients
Nutrients are elements and compounds that organisms need for living, growing and reproducing
Plants obtain their nutrients from the air, water, and soil.
There are 9 elements called macronutrients which are needed in large amounts in our bodies
Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Potassium, Magnesium, Calcium, Sulfur
Micronutrients are needed in trace amounts in our bodies
Selenium
Complete the table in your notes with a partner. Look at Page 197!

8. Macronutrients Nutrient Why is it important for people Nitrogen (N)
Makes up proteins and DNA
Helps with growth and repair
Phosphorus (P)
Part of bones, teeth and DNA
Potassium (K)
Helps with muscles and nerves
Magnesium (Mg)
Composes bones and teeth
Calcium (Ca)
Necessary for blood clotting
Sulfur (S)
Necessary for protein synthesis
Helps activate enzymes

9. What’s the Right Amount
When we look at the optimum amount, it is the amount that provides an organism with the best health.
Examples: Copper for Hair Colour, Selenium and Chromium for body Function.
What might happen if we have too much?
Start at 6:00

10. What are Organic Molecules?
In your Letter groups, work to come up with a definition and an example of the following organic molecules, when finished, pick a representative to write up the information on the board.
Lipids
Carbohydrates
Nucleic Acids
Proteins

11. Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates are organic molecules made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
Ex. Rice, bread, pasta, fruits, and vegetables
Glucose is a simpler sugar made by plants that is made when carbohydrates break down
Glucose is the primary food of the brain
Complex carbohydrates are chains of glucose molecules
Ex. Starch

12. Lipids (Fats) Fats, oils and waxes are lipids
Lipids are compounds made of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
Plants produce lipids
Canola oil
Our bodies also produce lipids and also need to eat lipids
Milk products, oils on our skin, fat in our body

13. Proteins and Amino Acids
Proteins control our bodies and are made by DNA
Used for growth, repair and a source of energy. They are also the main component of a catalyst.
We are eating protein when we eat meat and alternatives
Eggs, fish, meat, dairy products
Proteins are made up of amino acids which combine together into a chain
Nitrogen, hydrogen, carbon, oxygen, and some contain sulfur

14. Nucleic Acids
Nucleic acids are the largest and most complicated molecule found in living things
Nucleic acids are DNA and RNA and are made up of
Phosphate
Sugar ring called ribose (carbon, hydrogen and oxygen)
Nitrogen containing molecules

15. Testing for Organic Molecules
Write observations from Simulation
Test Product
Result (+/-)
Observation
Carrot
Wheat
Apple
Egg
Tomato
Oats
Potato
Bread

16. Testing for Organic Molecules
Glucose: Benedict’s Solution turns from blue to yellow-orange-red
Starch: Iodine Solution turns from red-brown to black
Protein: Biuret Solution turns from blue to purple

17. To Do: Complete Give It a Try – Organic or Inorganic?
Complete question 19 from page 267,
Create a Concept Map from what you learned today!

18. Outcomes
identify common organic and inorganic substances that are essential to the health and growth of humans and other living things,
describe and illustrate processes by which chemicals are introduced to the environment or their concentrations are changed
identify questions that may need to be addressed in deciding what substances - in what amounts - can be safely released into the environment 
identify substrates and nutrient sources for living things within a variety of environments

19. Chemicals in the Environment
All matter is made up of chemicals, which is made up of elements
Some chemicals are a part of living creatures
Carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, and potassium
Some chemicals can be harmful to living creatures
Mercury

20. Nitrogen Cycle
Read though page 184 in your textbook with your symbol group, and identify what’s going on in the picture.

21. Facts about the Nitrogen Cycle
Nitrogen cycles through the air, into the soil, into plants and animals and back into the air
Regular air is about 78% nitrogen gas (N2)
Nitrogen is an important component of DNA

22. Nitrogen can be fixed (changed) in three different ways
In the air nitrogen is a gas which cannot be used by plants and animals
Nitrogen can be fixed (changed) in three different ways
Lightening
Bacteria in the nodules on different kinds of plant roots
Bacteria in the soil
After the nitrogen is fixed it can be taken in by plants through their roots
What kind of relationship occurs between the nodules and roots?

23. Nitrates are taken in by plants and the nitrogen is converted into a part of DNA
Bacteria can allow nitrates in the soil to turn back to N2(g) to go back into the environment
After plants take in nitrogen, animals eat the plants and use the nitrogen in their own DNA
When animals poop, it is decomposed and the nitrogen is released
When plants and animals die the nitrogen returns to the soil and environment
And it CYCLES!

24. The amount of nitrogen (or of water) can vary in different areas
If an area has too little nitrogen farmers add fertilizers or plant nitrogen-fixing plants to try and solve the problem
What occurs when an area is lacking water?

25. Definition
An issue is a subject of importance where people often have strong, conflicting points of view
A fertilizer is a substance added to soil to ensure plants will grow better
A pest is an organism that harms people, crops or structures
A pesticide is a chemical that is used to kill pests

26. Agriculture Activities
Many people who have large scale farms use fertilizers and pesticides to be successful.
After talking about fertilizers and pesticides, answer the think about it question.
Do you believe that Farms need to use pesticides and fertilizers?

27. Types of Pesticides
1) Herbicide- a chemical used to destroy unwanted plants
2) Insecticide- a chemical used to destroy unwanted insects
3) Fungicide- a chemical used to destroy unwanted fungi

28. Fertilizers Fertilizers have a set of 3 numbers on them
The numbers stand for the amount of NITROGEN-PHOSPHORUS-POTASSIUM Ex
15% Nitrogen
30% Phosphorus
15% Potassium

29. What’s the Content of these Fertilizers?

30. Solid Wastes
Solid wastes is waste given off by homes, industrial plants, commercial buildings, construction and demolition sites
Solid waste is usually put into landfill sites
Incinerators burn hazardous wastes and the emissions from this may contribute to air pollution.
Sanitary landfills are built to keep water from entering the soil
They use plastic liners and compacted clay to keep the groundwater from leaching into the ground water

31. Wastewater
Sewage is waste water that contains dissolved and undissolved material from your kitchen, bathroom and laundry
A septic tank is an underground tank where bacteria break down organic materials
Effluent (aka treated wastewater) is released into rivers- may still contain extra nitrogen and phosphorus- this can cause alga bloom as the algae in the water uses the fertilizers to bloom
Where does the storm water go?

32. Combustion of Fuels
Fossil fuels are fuel sources that were made by dead plants and animals (the flood?)
Fossil fuels are natural gas, coal and oil
Fossil fuels are called hydrocarbons because they are made of carbon and hydrogen
When do we use hydrocarbons?

33. The combustion of fossil fuels produce carbon dioxide and water vapor
Hydrocarbon + oxygen  water + carbon dioxide + energy
Examples of natural gases: methane, propane, butane and octane (gas)

34. Think about it
Can carbon be recycled?

35. Incomplete Combustion
When there is not enough oxygen for regular combustion to occur, carbon dioxide is not produced but carbon monoxide is produced
Why is this an issue?
If fossil fuels have nitrogen or sulfur in it, then nitrates, nitrites, sulfates and sulfites can be produced
These 4 compounds are a part of air pollution

36. Pollution
Pollution is any change in the environment that produces a condition that is harmful to living things
Examples?

37. To Do:
Complete review questions in booklet

38. Outcomes
describe and illustrate processes by which chemicals are introduced to the environment or their concentrations are changed
describe the uptake of materials by living things through ingestion or absorption, and investigate and describe evidence that some materials are difficult for organisms to break down or eliminate (e.g., DDT, mercury)
identify questions that may need to be addressed in deciding what substances - in what amounts - can be safely released into the environment 
identify substrates and nutrient sources for living things within a variety of environments
investigate and evaluate potential risks resulting from consumer practices and industrial processes, and identify processes used in providing information and setting standards to manage these risks 

39. Uptake of Substances by Plants
There are three basic ways that substances enter plant roots
1) Diffusion
2) Osmosis
3) Active Transport
Ms. Nielsen Food Dye Diffusion Demo!

40. Diffusion Diffusion means the passive movement of particles
Diffusion does not require energy to occur
Diffusion is the movement of particles from an area of high concentration to low concentration
Molecules naturally diffuse into the roots of plants
Example in air: Spraying air freshener

41. Osmosis
Osmosis is similar to diffusion- water molecules moving away from a high concentration of other water molecules
More water gets absorbed into the roots as water in the plant is used up by the plant
Osmosis= water

42. Active Transport
Plants undergo active transport when they move molecules into their roots that are already at a high concentration within their roots
It takes energy for the plants to move these molecules the opposite of where they would go if they were diffusing
There are specific proteins in the plants that move molecules such as sulphur, nitrogen, and potassium into the roots

43. Ingestion and Absorption of Materials by Animals
Humans and animals absorb nutrients by eating or ingesting plants or other animals
We chew our food so that there is higher surface area of the food to be digested and so that the nutrients can be absorbed

44. We break down food physically (chewing) and chemically through enzymes and acids in our stomachs
As the food moves through our stomachs and intestines the nutrients are absorbed into our bloodstream and flow until they are taken up by cells that need the nutrients
The breakdown of large organic molecules is called hydrolysis

45. Substrates
Describe a substrate and an example of an organism on a substrate in 10 words or less…

46. Choking Lake Winnipeg
Complete Choking Lake Winnipeg Video and Questions.