1. Civilization

2. What is Civilization –Advanced Cities –Specialized Workers Food surplus provided the opportunity for specialization As cities grew the need for specialized workers grew. Traders, priests, government officials –Complex Institutions (well organized central governments Government, religions, and economy Soaring population made government necessary Education system

3. Civilization Writing (Record Keeping) –As government, religion and economy grew so did the need for record keeping. –Writing system is development –Pictogram: simple drawings that represents symbols, then sounds Advance Technology –New tools –Farmers stated to use animals and nature –Melting copper and tin together made bronze –Public Works: building irrigations systems, roads, bridges and defensive walls

4. Civilization Social Classes; –Ranked according to their jobs –Priests, wealthy merchants, artisans, peasants, then slaves Arts and Architecture: Expressed the beliefs and values of people Complex Religion –Polytheistic: many gods: sun god, river god, moon god.

5. How did Civilization Start III Social Changes –Complex and prosperous economy affected the social structure of the village life. –Social classes starting to form –Religion is more organized –Polytheistic

6. How did Civilization Start I.Villages grew into cities Communities were based on agriculture Domesticated animals became more common Population increased II.Economic Changes Food surpluses freed some villagers to pursue other jobs Developed skills besides farming Craftspeople Trade with other villages stated Two Important inventions: Wheel and sail (Mesopotamian)

7. Civilization Spread of Civilization –City-states started to form –Empires were territories controlled by one ruler. ( Group of city-states) –Interactions with nomads (culture diffusion) Civilization and Change –Environmental changes –Interactions among peoples (Culture Diffusion)

8. Characteristics of Early Civilization Social patterns –Hereditary rulers Dynasties of kings and Pharaohs Rigid class system, where slavery was accepted Political Patterns –World’s first states( city-states, kingdom/Empire) –Centralized governments (Religious Auth) –Written laws: Ten Commandments/ Code of Hammurabi

9. Development of Economic Patterns –Metal tools & Weapons –Increasing agricultural surplus –Increase in trade along the rivers/seas Phoenicians**** –Specialization of labor Religion Traditions –Polytheism was practiced by most early Civ –Monotheism was practiced by the Hebrews Writing: –Pictograms Hieroglyphic, Cuneiform, Alphabet

10. Code of Hammurabi FIRST WRITTEN LAWS ******* Needed a single, uniformed code of law Code listed 282 specific laws dealing with everything from family relationships to business Different punishment for rich and poor and for men and women *******Important Idea: It reinforced the principle that government had a responsibility for what occurred in society

11. Government and Society World’s first city states Social hierarchy: Priests controlled early government, Centralized government based on religion authority Monarch (soldiers) took control during war. Pass their powers to their sons. Forming Dynasties Women lost status overtime

12. Religion and Life –Polytheistic –Pharaoh viewed as god as well –Death: After life Mummification, embalming and drying the corpse Built great pyramids: TOMBS Society: Hereditary Royal family, Upper class, Middle class, lower class Women had a higher status & greater independence Rigid class system where slavery was accepted

13. The Law Code of Hammurabi

14. Reign of Hammurabi of Babylon, 1792-1750 B.C.

15. Religion Religion and Mythology –Polytheistic religious belief reflected harshness of war and struggle with unpredictable environment War-like gods who possessed total control over human lives Sacrifices, rituals, temples (ziggurats) Power of priests and priestesses

16. Raise of Judaism –Ten Commandment: heart of Judaism state moral and religious conduct A set of laws that God gave them

17. Sumerian Science and Technology Irrigation Bronze Wheel, Sail, Ramp and plow Basic algebra and geometry. Strong in Astronomy which led to calendars

18. Sumerian Writing Cunneiform: –Need to keep records –Developed from pictographs –Recorded myths, laws, treaties, and business –Scribes Video Writing

19. Ziggurat at Ur

21. Cuneiform

22. Cuneiform Mesopotamian

23. Cuneiform

24. Mesopotamian Civilization I. Location –People started top settle in the Southern parts of the Fertile Crescent before 4500 B.C. –These people were called Sumerians II Sumerian (City State) –Geography; Fertile Crescent, the land between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers River flooded yearly: Dry hot summers, No rainfall after the floods. No natural barriers for protection Surplus of wheat and barley

25. Mesopotamian Civilization III Great Solutions: Large irrigation ditches to irrigate their fields and for protection. These activities required organization, cooperation, and leadership This is the beginning of organized government and laws IV Government and Society World’s first city states Social hierarchy: Priests controlled early government, Centralized government based on religion authority Monarch (soldiers) took control during war. Pass their powers to their sons. Forming Dynasties Women lost status overtime.

26. Sumer –Earliest cities in southern Mesopotamia –Agriculture and trade (as far away as India) –Sumerians Developed the wheel Created first writing system (cuneiform) Devised a mathematical system and astronomy

28. Egyptian Civilization Location –North Africa –Nile River Valley –Delta Government: –Theocracy –Pharaohs

29. Egyptian Culture Religion and Life –Polytheistic –Pharaoh viewed as god as well –Death: After life Mummification, embalming and drying the corpse Built great pyramids: TOMBS Society: Hereditary Royal family, Upper class, Middle class, lower class Women had a higher status & greater independence Rigid class system where slavery was accepted

30. Egyptian Culture Writing –Hieroglyphic Earliest forms were pictures Later pictures stood for a sound Written on papyrus Science and Technolgy –Pyramids, Mathematics, geometry & Calendar.

32. Egyptian Writing “Hieroglyphics

35. Indus Geography (India) –Indus and Ganges Rivers –Hindus Kush and Himalaya separate India from Asia Civilization: –Little is know –Traded with Africa –Planned Cities (sewage system) –Strong Central government –Religion: Polytheism Writing unknown

37. China Location: Huang He Valley Natural barriers isolated ancient China Religion: Polytheism »Believed in spirits of family ancestors. »Consulted the gods through the use of oracle bones Culture: Strong family tires »Loyalty to the family »Women were treated was inferiors Government: Strong Central government, »First Dynasties »Sharply divided between nobles and peasants ( »Ruled by class of warrior-nobles Writing: early character stood for an idea, not a sound »Helped unify China Technology: –Flood control an irrigation projects, Calendar, Math, and Silk cloth.

39. Other Civilizations Phoenicians: Sailors and Traders Settle along the eastern Mediterranean(part of the Fertile Crescent in Southwest Asia) Colonized throughout the Mediterranean, as far away as Sicily and Spain Alphabet*****************************

40. These river valleys offered rich soil and irrigation water for agriculture, and they tended to be in locations easily protected from invasion by nomadic peoples.

41. Hebrews and Kush Hebrews: Hebrews settled between the Mediterranean Sea and the Jordan River Valley (part of Fertile Crescent in Southwest Asia). Kush(Nubia): Geography- East Africa Southern(Upper Nile) Separated from Egypt by the cataracts

42. Persian Empire: –Built on earlier Central Asian and Mesopotamia Civ –Tolerance of conquered peoples –Development Imperial bureaucracy –New Religion: ZOROASTRAIANISM –One wise god controlled the world and one evil god »Good v.s. Bad –Money Economy –Road System to link the Empire –Construction of road system

43. Religion of Persia – Belief in two opposing forces in the universe

45. Ancient Civilizations I. Early River Valley –Neolithic Period, permanent settlements appeared in river valleys –River valleys provided rich soil for crops & protection from invasions –Fertile Crescent II. Locations and Time Frame (3500B.C. to 500B.C.) –Egyptian: Nile River Valley and Delta (Africa) –Mesopotania: Tigris and Euphrates River Valleys –Indus River Valley: Indian –Huang He Valley: China III.Others: – Hebrew: Mediterranean Sea and Jordan River valley –Phoenicians: along the Mediterranean Sea coast –Kush : located on the upper Nile River (South)

52. Egyptian Pyramids

55. Mummification

56. Purification of the body

57. Removal of the Internal organs

58. Drying the body

59. Washing the body

60. Body is stuffed with dry materials

61. Internal organs are put into jars

62. Body is Wrapped in linens

63. Body is wrapped in linens

66. Indus River Valley Civilization

67. China

68. Raise of Judaism Origins of Judaism –Abraham is considered the founder of Judaism. –Moses: led the Israelites out of Egypt to Canaan” The land they believed that God promises them –Jerusalem: Capital of kingdom of Israel Beliefs, traditions and customs of Judaism –Monotheistic: one god –Torah: contains written records and beliefs of Hebrews –Ten Commandment: heart of Judaism state moral and religious conduct A set of laws that God gave them

69. Judaism Spread of Judaism –Exile: Nebuchandneezzer destroyed the great temple in Jerusalem: forcing Israelites into exile. –Diaspora: scattering of people, sent Jews to different parts of the world Why is Judaism Important –First monotheistic religion –Foundation of Judaism, Christianity, and Islamic Religions

70. Language and Writing Cuneiform Hieroglyphics

72. The King The Governors The Aristocracy The Peasantry Social and political organization: The King: he had military powers. The Governors: they governed the territories of the kingdom. They were generals and judges at the same time. The aristocracy: they were priests and traders. The peasants: the people who work the land.

73. The Four River Valley Civilization

75. Sumer, 3200-2350 B.C.Sargon’s Empire, 2350- 2320 B.C. The Dynasty of Ur, 2100-2000 B.C. The Amorite invasions, 2100-1900 B.C. Reign of Hammurapi of Babylon, 1792-1750 B.C.

76. The statue of the god Marduk with his dragon, from a Babylonian cylinder seal. Marduk killed Tiamat. Apsu: the fresh waters (male principle) Tiamat: the salt waters (female principle) Ea, the god of intelligence and wisdom, puts Apsu in a trance and then kills him.

77. These carved stone figures, their eyes wide with awe and their hands clasped in reverence, were placed in Mesopotamian temples by worshippers to stand in perpetual prayer on their behalf before the god or goddess to whom the sanctuary was dedicated. There were many gods. For example, Anu was the father of the gods and the god of the sky; Enlil was the god of the air; Utu was the sun god and the lord of truth and justice; Nanna was the moon god; Inanna was the goddess of love and war; Ninhursag was the goddess of earth; and Enki was the god of fresh water as well as the lord of wisdom and magic. While they served and revered the great gods, most people felt little connection with these distant beings. Ordinary people depended on a relationship with their own personal god - a kind of guardian angel - who protected individuals and interceded for them with the great deities.

82. Hieroglyphics Egypt