1. Group 6
Application GPS and GIS in agricultural field

2. I n t r o d u c i
The widespread availability of the Global Positioning Systems (GPS) and Global Information Systems (GIS) to the general public opened many doors to the uses of new technologies, particularly in the agricultural sector.
GPS and GIS are valuable tools that can be used to increase efficiency and productivity in agriculture.
mapping natural resources, marking weed infestations, evaluating insect damage, referencing crop yield, identifying crop stress, and labeling soil types.
agricultural businesses an additional management tool to deal with production issues, strategize management decisions, and implement control methods.

3. What is Precision Agriculture?
Precision Agriculture is the application of technology of GPS and GIS to conventional farming for improving agricultural practices.
What is Precision Agriculture?

4. THE PRECISION FARMING PROCESS
Flowchart of the precision farming process

5. The precision farming process can be viewed as four steps:
Data logging
Data analysis
Spatial modeling
Point sampling

6. Data logging Accurate measurements
However the paired yield measurements is for a location well behind the harvester, as it takes several seconds for material to pass from the point of harvest to the yield monitor.
When positioning are different, the coordinates are accurate to about a meter.
Accurate measurements
GPS positioning and material flow adjustments are major concerns.
Most systems seek the GPS and generate monitor every second, which at 4 mph translates into 6 feet.
The mass flow and speed of the harvester are constantly changing when different terrain and crop conditions are encountered.

7. Point Sampling
The cost of soil lab analysis dictates “smart sampling” techniques based on terrain and previous data be used to balance spatial variability with a farmer’s budget.
Surface modeling such as sampling frequency/ pattern and interpolation technique are concerns.
technique for evaluating alternative interpolation techniques and selecting the “best” map using residual analysis are available in some of the soil mapping systems.

8. Data Analysis
The traditional statistical techniques are concern. For example, regression analysis of field plots has been used for years to derive crop production functions, such as corn yield versus potassium level.
in GIS, you can use regression to derive a production function relating mapped variables, such as the links among a map of corn yield and maps of soil nutrients-like analyzing thousands of sample plots.

9. Spatial Modeling
moves the derived relationships in space or time to determine the "optimal" actions, such as the blend of phosphorous, potassium and nitrogen to be applied at each location in the field.
The issues surrounding spatial modeling are similar to data analysis and involve the validity of using traditional "goal seeking" techniques, such as linear programming or genetic modeling, to calculate maps of the optimal actions.

12. GPS Use in Agriculture:
Tractor Guidance
Soil Sampling
Cropduster Targeting
GPS Use in Agriculture:
Yield Monitoring
Tracking Livestock

13. land manOptimise administration procedures
eSpatial OnDemand GIS
land manOptimise administration procedures
agement practices
agricultural productivity
GIS for Agriculture & Land Management
eSpatial OnDemand GIS to map and track data
data mapping
land management practices

14. Why using Geographical Information Systems (GIS)
Why using Geographical Information Systems (GIS)? For the purpose of this study, the following advantages of using a GIS proved to be most useful:
*Visualization of spatial data, particularly the distribution of agricultural open spaces in a city.
* Simple analytical functions such as calculation of the sizes of agricultural areas.
* Potential for updating digital maps in the future, and extension to a greater range of topics and layers.
* Possibility to print hardcopies of maps showing any desired selection of topics and areas in any scale, for discussions with stakeholders.
* Linkage of vector data in maps with attribute data such as type of crops grown or number of farmers.

15. * High flexibility: According to the respective local contexts and available data sources, a wide variety of spatial data can be integrated and combined for optimal outcome: Satellite imagery, aerial photography (digital or analogue), topographic or thematic maps of all scales, cadastral maps, GPS measurements etc
* Possibility for data overlay in order to investigate relations with various relevant factors, e.g. designated land use, irrigation water quality, socioeconomic variables etc.

16. Following are the advantages of using a GPS
Benefits that immediately come to mind are cost reduction, increased yields and minimizing environmental impact.
Cost reduction is important to producers because of its immediate impact along with increased yields.
The GPS system provides precise measurement with precise application. It reduces leaching and runoff into ground and surface water due to unnecessary chemicals and fertilizers.
The GPS can operate at night with lower manpower costs, and increase machine utilization.
An additional benefit for using the GPS for precision agriculture is the ability to reduce soil compaction by limiting traffic to same traffic lanes.
Following are the advantages of using a GPS

17. C o n c l u s i
Global Positioning System (GPS). GPS is widely available in the agricultural community and its potential is growing. Farm uses include mapping yields (GPS + combine yield monitor), variable rate planting
(GPS + variablerate planter drive), variable rate lime and fertilizer application (GPS + variable-rate spreader drive), variable rate pesticide application
(GPS + variable-rate applicator), field mapping for records and insurance purposes (GPS + mapping software) and parallel swathing (GPS + navigation tool). Terms associated with GPS are listed in the Glossary.
Geographic Information System (GIS) software empowers those working in agriculture and land management to gain a clear view of the environment, surroundings, and the factors that influence them.

18. T h e E n d