1. Taiwan and Southeast Asian Arts Vol
Taiwan and Southeast Asian Arts Vol.5 Overseas Chinese Culture 2 臺灣與東南亞藝術 第5回　華人文化 2
Sakai Takashi 坂井　隆
Institute of Art History National Taiwan University
國立臺灣大學藝術史研究所
Ph.D., Sophia University, Japan
Research interests:
History of Southeast Asian Art
Archaeology of Southeast Asian
National Taiwan University Sakai Takashi
Unless noted, the course materials are licensed under Creative Commons
Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Taiwan (CC BY-NC-SA 3.0)

2. Supplement: Indonesian Art Festival in Taipei
Text
Today as a supplement, I would first like to show you the condition of the Indonesian Cultural Festival in Taipei, held on October 17th, This festival is now practiced with the support of the Taipei City Government every year after end of Ramadan, the fasting month for Muslims. In this time the festival was held in the 228 Memorial Park.
National Taiwan University Sakai Takashi
National Taiwan University Sakai Takashi
Opening chorus at 228 Memorial Park in Oct.17th, 2010

3. Supplement: Indonesian Art Festival in Taipei
Text
This time it was not only performed with a chorus and dancing troup of Indonesian workers in Taiwan such as with the Bali dancers in the left picture, but Ms. Pinkan Mambo, a famous popular Indonesian singer shown in the right picture, was also invited. It was announced that the expense of the invitation was paid for by a Taiwanese company. By her playing, the feeling during the festival ran high.
National Taiwan University Sakai Takashi
Balinese dance
Singer Pinkan Mambo
Wiki user: Kapan Lagi?

4. Overseas Chinese Culture 2
1. The Old Ports in Taiwan
2. The junk, traditional Southern Chinese ship
3. The junk trade
Text
Now we will change to the topic of today, the 2nd part of Overseas Chinese culture, that is, several issues related with the junk trade during pre-modern period. In the first chapter I will show you the old ports in Taiwan, and in the next chapter I will focus on the junk ships of Southern China. In the last chapter I will explain the basic structure of the junk trade.

5. 1. The Old Ports in Taiwan Google Earth ● Danshui淡水 ● Beigang北港 Text
Of the old ports in Taiwan, I will show you 3 places, such as Danshui, which is close to Taipei, Beikang which is close to Jiayi, and Anping which is close to Tainan.
● Anping安平
Google Earth

6. 1. The Old Ports in Taiwan: Danshui淡水
Text
Port Danshui is located at the right bank of the mouth of the Danshui River, which is very close to the downtown of Taipei.
National Taiwan University Sakai Takashi
Far view of Danshui port
National Taiwan University Sakai Takashi
Panorama view of Danshui River

7. 1. The Old Ports in Taiwan: Danshui淡水
Text
Different from the left bank, on the right bank of the river is located a long hill which runs along the riverside. On the top of its relatively narrow ridge, the Spanish built St. Domingo Fort in the 1620’s. A cubic wine reddish building, the main part of the fort, has been become the landmark of Danshui, although this coloring was applied after the Dutch took the fort from the Spanish in the 1630’s.
National Taiwan University Sakai Takashi
National Taiwan University Sakai Takashi
Close view of former Danshui port
Spanish fort St Domingo紅毛城, 17th C.

8. 1. The Old Ports in Taiwan: Anping安平, Tainan
Text
As is common knowledge for followers of Taiwan history, the more important port was located in Anping, which in the present time is a part of Tainan city. Originally this place was built on a cape at the peninsula's long sand hill, and positioned at the entrance for the lagoon on the mainland side. The Dutch constructed Fort Zeelandia, shown in the right picture, at this point in 1623, and 40 years later Zheng Chenggong, in the left picture, successfully attacked this fort.
Panoramio Pei Kai
Zheng Chenggong鄭成功, the first hero of Taiwan ( )
Ruins of Dutch fort Zeelandia安平古堡

9. 1. The Old Ports in Taiwan: Anping安平, Tainan
Text
This oldest European fort in Taiwan continued to be used again after the surrender of the Dutch, and in the present time there still remains a part of a tall brick wall, constructed by the Dutch in the 17th ceNational Taiwan Universityry, which can be seen in this picture. However, the main part covering the small hill was rebuilt during the Japanese colonial period.
National Taiwan University Sakai Takashi
The original brick wall of Zeelandia Fort

10. 1. The Old Ports in Taiwan: Beigang北港, Yunlin
Text
At Beigang, 70 km north-northeast from Anping, there is an old Mazu Shrine called the Chaotian Shrine. Among the large number of Mazu Shrines in Taiwan, this shrine is one of the most famous shrine, and is crowded with worshipers almost everyday. This shrine complex has a special oval plan as seen in the right picture.
Panoramio gracechang
Chaotian Shrine朝天宮 in Beigang
Panoramio Arafat Wu

11. 1. The Old Ports in Taiwan: Beigang北港, Yunlin
Text
At a crossroads 300 m west from the Chaotian Shrine, there is a memorial tower seen in the left picture. This is a memorial for the arrival of Yan Si-qi, the early Southern Fujianese trader of the 1610’s. As material evidence for activity of these early traders, a Jingdezhen blue & white shard of the early 17th ceNational Taiwan Universityry was found during the restoration of the Chaotian Shrine, like the one shown in the right picture.
National Taiwan University Sakai Takashi
Flickr tsaiid
Finding of Chinese blue & white shard, 17th C.
Yan Si-qi顏思齊 (?-1625) arrival memorial tower

12. 2. The junk, traditional Southern Chinese ship
● Lena
● Tek Sing
Text
Now we will see the Southern Chinese traditional sailing ship, the so-called junk. As real material evidence of history, we will move to several examples of wrecked junks such as in Sinan in Korea, Quanzhou in Fujian, Lena in the Philippines and Tek Sing in Indonesia.
● Sinan新安
● Quanzhou泉州
Google Earth

13. 2. The junk, traditional Southern Chinese ship: Tek Sing (Indonesia)
Text
In the late 1990’s, numerous Chinese ceramics were found by a commercial salvager at the coastal area off of Bangka Island, Indonesia, which can be seen in these pictures. The dating of the wreck is estimated to be from around the 1820’s, and the sunken ship was thought to be a large junk named the Tek Sing, which departed Amoy with the destination of Batavia, which is known as Jakarta in the present time.
Flickr antiogar
Wiki Nagel Auktionen
Commercial salvage of wrecked junk Tek Sing, 1820’s

14. 2. The junk, traditional Southern Chinese ship: 19th c.
Text
One of the characteristics of the junk is a collapsible sail with bamboo frames, such as the junks in the Hong Kong area in the present time as seen in the left picture. Junks after the 20th ceNational Taiwan Universityry had polygonal sails, and were able to reach the East Indonesian sea area. This can be seen in the 1930’s junk in the right picture.
Wiki Botaurus-stellaris
Present junk in Hong Kong
Wiki user: KITbot
Junks in East Indonesia, 1936

15. 2. The junk, traditional Southern Chinese ship: 19th c.
Text
If we want to see junks of the 19th ceNational Taiwan Universityry, it is easy to get several drawings of the ‘Keying’, dated from This junk was recorded with several drawings by Americans and Europeans. It was an object of interest because it was used as the official vessel for the ambassador of the Qing Court for diplomatic solutions after the Opium War. By those drawings, it is very clear that this junk used 3 rectangular sails, which was different from the sails used later at the turn of the 20th ceNational Taiwan Universityry.
Junk ‘Keying耆英’, ambassador of Qing , 1848

16. 2. The junk, traditional Southern Chinese ship: 19th c.
Text
The previous style of junks were certainly used as warships in the Qing’s navy during the Opium War, such as those seen in the left picture. Aside from the sail, the curved deck and wide stern are common characteristics of the junk. A similar condition could be seen in an engraving of a junk arriving in Nagasaki, Japan, at the time of the painting in the right picture. Here we are also interested in the writings, which describe departure ports and distances, which aside from Chinese ports, also mentioned Taiwan and Hoi An/Pho Hien, Vietnam.
Junks in the Opium War, 1843
長崎歷史文化博物館
Junk arrived at Nagasaki長崎, mid 19th C.

17. 2. The junk, traditional Southern Chinese ship: 19th c.
Text
Similar junks can be seen in the paintings of Amoy, Fujian, of almost the same period, such as in the left picture. A large part of Chinese traders originated from Fujian, and therefore their junks were also built at ports in Fujian. This Fujian style of junk was also used as the diplomatic ship of the Ryukyu Kingdom, seen in the right picture, because after the 15th ceNational Taiwan Universityry, a large part of the diplomats and traders of this kingdom were descendants of Fujianese.
Diplomatic junk of Ryukyu琉球, 19th C.

18. 2. The junk, traditional Southern Chinese ship: 18th c.
Text
Basically the form of the junk in the 18th ceNational Taiwan Universityry was almost the same as the ones of the 19th ceNational Taiwan Universityry. These two pictures are of the ‘Feifang’, the reconstructed junk of the 18th ceNational Taiwan Universityry, and the only reconstructed junk which is possible to set sail. This junk was built in Fujian under the order of some people in Nagasaki, Japan who greatly appreciated its style. By looking at this real reconstructed junk, we see that except for the old cannons, the bow part of the junk also forms a non-pointed box style.
National Taiwan University Sakai Takashi
Reconstructed junk of 18th ceNational Taiwan Universityry in Nagasaki, Japan
National Taiwan University Sakai Takashi

19. 2. The junk, traditional Southern Chinese ship: 17th c.
Text
The 17th ceNational Taiwan Universityry junk was slightly different from the junks of later periods. The Japanese junk, dated 1634, uses an adaptation of European style sails, which includes square and lateen sails on the traditional Chinese style ship body and main sails, as seen in the left picture. In the same period, the traditional Chinese junk had only two masts with large sails and also several sculls at each edge such as in the right picture.
Japanese junks in 1634
Junk in Tiangong Kaiwu天工開物, 1637

20. 2. The junk, traditional Southern Chinese ship: Lena
Text
Before the 15th ceNational Taiwan Universityry, almost all trade activity in Southeast Asia and East Asia had been done with junks, and we have several examples of wrecked junks from that time. Now I would like to introduce some such famous junks found in this sea area. The first of these pictures shows you the research condition of a junk wrecked at the Lena Shoal in the Philippines. The remaining bottom part of the ship body is still very visible, which is not commonly a point of interest by commercial salvagers or ‘treasure hunters’.
National Taiwan University Sakai Takashi
Shipwreck in Lena Shoal, Philippines, late half of 15th C.

21. 2. The junk, traditional Southern Chinese ship: Sinan
Text
Anther important shipwreck was found in Sinan, southwest of Korea, in The water condition in this sea area is not good for visibility, but with the support of Korean Navy divers, research of this underwater archaeology site for this wrecked ship was finally undertaken. They successfully determined the dating of the ship, which is estimated at ca
国立歴史民俗博物館
Shipwreck off of Sinan, Korea, beg. 14th C.
国立歴史民俗博物館

22. 2. The junk, traditional Southern Chinese ship: Sinan
Text
Besides the large number of ceramics found, it is more important that the basic bottom part of this ship body could be salvaged, which can be seen in the left and right pictures. The hold of this ship was separated into 8 more parts by walls set in the width direction. This structure is a typical characteristic of junks, which is used for maintaining stability against leaks of seawater.
国立歴史民俗博物館
Salvaged hull of Sinan junk
国立歴史民俗博物館

23. 2. The junk, traditional Southern Chinese ship: Quanzhou泉州
Text
At almost the same time, another wrecked junk was found in Quanzhou, Fujian, China. This salvaged junk, dating around 12-13th ceNational Taiwan Universityry, has quite a similar structure of hold as the ships in these two pictures. The entire hold was separated into parts by cross walls, and the original size was estimated at 35 m in length with 10 m in width.
Wiki meckleychina
Wrecked junk in Quanzhou, China, 12-13th C.

24. 3. The Junk Trade Google Earth ● Banten Text
Now we will focus on the trade condition of such junks. In this chapter first I would like to show you several important places such as Nagasaki in Japan, Anping in Tainan, Hoi An in Vietnam and Banten in Indonesia.
Nagasaki長崎 ●
● Anping安平
Hoi An ●
Google Earth

25. 3. The Junk Trade: Nagasaki長崎, Japan
長崎歷史文化博物館
Text
Nagasaki was the only international trade port for junks and Dutch ships from the 1640’s – 1850’s in Japan. In one of these early paintings on a folding screen, dated 1673, we can find several junks with the caption of departed port name. 3 anchored junks in the left picture are written from Hoi An in Vietnam, Ayutthaya in Thailand and Zhangzhou in Fujian. And in the right picture another 3 anchored junks are drowned such as those from Pho Hien in Vietnam, Batavia and Banten in Indonesia.
Junks from Hoi An (Central Vietnam), Ayutthaya (Thailand) and Zhangzhou (Fujian), 1673
長崎歷史文化博物館
Source: 長崎歷史文化博物館. 長崎市出島史跡整備審議会編，《出島図 : その景観と変遷》(長崎 : 長崎市 , 1987)ISBN: 唐船図
Junks from Pho Hien (North Vietnam),
Batavia and Banten (Indonesia), 1673

26. 3. The Junk Trade: Nagasaki長崎, Japan
長崎歷史文化博物館
English ship ‘Return’ from Banten via Anping in 1673
Text
In the other part of this folding screen, here are also several foreign ships. The European ship in the left picture is an English ship named ‘Return’, which illegally entered into the Nagasaki port via Banten and Anping. And in the middle of Nagasaki Bay we can find a junk with the caption of Donning, which was the name of Taiwan during the Zheng Government period.
Source: 長崎歷史文化博物館. 長崎市出島史跡整備審議会編，《出島図 : その景観と変遷》(長崎 : 長崎市 , 1987)ISBN: 唐船図
Dongning東寧 (Taiwan) junk in 1673
長崎歷史文化博物館

27. 3. The Junk Trade: Nagasaki長崎, Japan
松浦史料博物館
Text
We have many paintings for junks, which arrived in Nagasaki because the amount of trade for junks was more than 2 times larger than that of Dutch ships in this Japanese port. Among the junk painting series collected by the Matsura Historical Museum in Hirado is the best collection for understanding the condition of real junks of the 18th ceNational Taiwan Universityry. These two pictures show junks departing from Amoy and Taiwan. Both junks have almost the same structure.
Amoy廈門 junk, 18th C.
Source: 《唐船之圖》日本長崎縣平戶市松浦史料博物館收藏-廣南船
It is used subject to the fair use doctrine of:
Copyright Law of Japan. (Art.35)
Taiwan Copyright Act Articles 52 & 65
Taiwan臺灣 junk, 18th C.
松浦史料博物館

28. 3. The Junk Trade: Nagasaki長崎, Japan
Text
These two pictures show you Hoi An and Batavia's departing junks in the same painting series. The characteristics of ship body structure and the 2 masts are the same as the previous 2 junks, but these two junks have a rectangular cloth sail on the top of the main mast. This is similar with the Japanese style junk from the early 17th ceNational Taiwan Universityry, and it seems an influence on some European ships. Except for this point basically all 4 junks had quite the same appearance, because the same junks visited several ports in East Asia and Southeast Asia in their voyages.
松浦史料博物館
Central Vietnam junk, 18th C.
Source: 《唐船之圖》日本長崎縣平戶市松浦史料博物館收藏-廣南船
It is used subject to the fair use doctrine of:
Copyright Law of Japan. (Art.35)
Taiwan Copyright Act Articles 52 & 65
松浦史料博物館
Batavian junk, 18th C.

29. 3. The Junk Trade: Anping安平
Text
Anping already started as the most good trade port for both Fujianese and Japanese traders before the 1620’s. But suddenly the Dutch occupied this port for their base of trade with China and Japan in Later they built Fort Zeelandia in this port as a military base for rule in Taiwan, seen in the left picture. Then, after the attack of Zheng Chenggong in 1661 seen in the right picture, this port also acted as a center port city of the Zheng government.
Dutch Zeelandia Fort at Anping, mid of 17th C.
Attack of Zheng Chenggong鄭成功 navy in 1661

30. 3. The Junk Trade: Anping安平
Text
Recently we had almost no way of seeing the 17th ceNational Taiwan Universityry condition of Anping. However after excavation research by Academia Sinica from as seen in the left picture, real brick ruins of the 17th ceNational Taiwan Universityry have been recently revealed. Also we cannot forget the Anping jar, which is the only one ceramic named after a place in Taiwan. In actuality though, it was made in several kilns in Fujian. The Anping jar is the most common finding in the sites of Taiwan from the 17th ceNational Taiwan Universityry, and can be seen in the right picture.
National Taiwan University Sakai Takashi
Excavation of Zeelandia Fort Ruins
National Taiwan University Sakai Takashi
Unearthed Anping jars安平壺

31. 3. The Junk Trade: Hoi An (Vietnam)
Text
The next port for the junk trade network is Hoi An in Central Vietnam. This port, located at the mouth of the Thu Bon River seen in the left picture, started its history during the ancient Champa Kingdom period. But after the end of the 16th ceNational Taiwan Universityry, as a main port of the Quang Nam Nguyen Kingdom this port was connected with a wide junk trade network, which included Japanese junks seen in the right picture.
National Taiwan University Sakai Takashi
The riverside of Hoi An
A Japanese junk to Hoi An, 17th C.

32. 3. The Junk Trade: Hoi An (Vietnam)
Text
For many years, joint excavation research between Vietnam and Japan had been practiced in Hoi An. With the purpose of understanding the 17th ceNational Taiwan Universityry condition of this port city, excavation research found many ceramic shards such as those in the left picture. Among them in the circle mark position is an Anping jar similar with the one found in the Zuoying site in Taiwan, shown in the right picture.
National Taiwan University Sakai Takashi
Finding of excavation in Hoi An, 17th C.
中央研究院 劉益昌
Anping Jar

33. 3. The Junk Trade: Banten (Indonesia)
Text
Now we will move to Banten, Indonesia. In this port city of Western Java Island, an Islamic Kingdom was established in the first half of the 16th ceNational Taiwan Universityry. The left picture shows the Great Mosque, which has been used since the 16th ceNational Taiwan Universityry. At least in the second half of the 16th ceNational Taiwan Universityry, many Southern Fujianese traders stayed here. Their tomb can be seen in the right picture.
National Taiwan University Sakai Takashi
The Grate Mosque of Banten, established 16th C.
National Taiwan University Sakai Takashi
South Fujianese tomb in Banten, beg. of 18th C.

34. 3. The Junk Trade: Banten (Indonesia)
Text
Banten acted as the relay point for 2 trade networks, the South China Sea and the Indian Ocean. Therefore a great number of ceramic shards were found in this area through archaeological research. Among them is the significant finding of many Anping jars such as in these pictures.
National Taiwan University Sakai Takashi
Numerous findings of Anping jar shards
National Taiwan University Sakai Takashi

35. 3. The Junk Trade National Taiwan University Sakai Takashi
Text
The Anping jar, which was used first as a container for liquids, acted as important archaeological evidence for the junk trade. In East Asia, the Anping jar could be found in the Hara Fort in Nagasaki, which became the famous battlefield of the Shimabara Catholic Rebellion in Meanwhile in Banten, another port for the Anping jar trade area, the oldest Southern Fujianese tombstone was found, which dates back to These are important pieces of material evidence related to the junk trade, which covered East Asia and Southeast Asia. Taiwan was located at the center position of this trade as is suggested by the name of the Anping jar, the symbol of the junk trade.
National Taiwan University Sakai Takashi
Anping jar found in Hara Fort原城 Ruins in Nagasaki
National Taiwan University
Sakai Takashi
The oldest Southern Fujianese tombstone in Banten dated 1661

36. Taiwan and Southeast Asian Arts Vol
Taiwan and Southeast Asian Arts Vol.5 Overseas Chinese Culture 2 臺灣與東南亞藝術第五講 華人文化 2 Copyright Declaration（版權標示頁）
Sakai Takashi坂井　隆
Institute of Art History National Taiwan University
（臺大藝術史研究所）

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