1. What you have learned and how you can use it 11-721: Grammars and Lexicons Parts I-III

2. Linguistic Tests: what you have learned Tests can be used to make consistent decisions with higher inter-coder agreement than guesses or intuition. Some specific tests that you can use for parts-of-speech and constituency in English.

3. Linguistic Tests: What you can use it for Annotating corpora Evaluating the quality of an annotated corpus

4. How languages differ What you have learned Parts of speech Coding properties of grammatical relations Word order of S, O, and V Word order of old and new information Relative clauses Passive Control constructions: –Coding as matrix subject/object –Control of adjunct clauses

5. How languages differ What you can use it for Any language technology system should be portable to any human language Interlingua for machine translation –Must abstract away from the surface differences between languages Word alignment algorithms: –Take into account the encoding of grammatical relations and old and new information. A language you don’t speak is no longer a black box to you. –You can work on language technologies systems for langauges that you do not speak. –Of course you will need to work with someone who speaks it –Evaluate, do error-analysis, and trouble-shoot DARPA tides Chinese and Arabic: most groups were working blind using only BLEU scores to guide system development

6. What languages have in common What you have learned Grammatical relations Old and new information Semantic roles

7. What languages have in common How you can use it Design language technologies applications that streamline the parts that are common across languages: –Your English parser will not be totally different from your Hungarian parser.

8. Lexical Functional Grammar What you have learned Encoding of grammatical relations in constituent structure –Language variation Functional structure: –Independent of word order and grammatical encoding Lexical Mapping: –How to assign semantic roles to noun phrases A formalism for describing human language syntax that can be used by a parser. Some ways of formalizing some rules for English syntax: –Active and passive sentences, matrix coding as subject/object, control by matrix subject/object, auxiliary verbs, negation, embedded clauses.

9. Lexical Functional Grammar What you can use it for Write grammars for any language using the Tomita parser and GenKit Design your own parser that: –Maps noun phrases onto semantic roles –Accounts for differences in encoding of grammatical relations –Accounts for similarities in behavior of grammatical relations

10. What you can do next Language Technolgies for Computer Assisted Language Learning –Spring 2005 –Build three CALL systems using speech recognition, parsing, pattern matching on trees Grammar Formalisms –Spring 2006 –Learn more about LFG and other grammar formalisms HPSG, TAG, Dependency Grammar, Categorial Grammar –See how the pieces can be put together in different ways  get a deeper understanding of what human language is and what an LT system has to do.

11. What you can do next Formal Semantics –Spring 2006 Machine Translation and MT Lab –Spring 2005 Linguistics courses at University of Pittsburgh –Phonetics, Phonology, Syntax, Morphology, Field Methods