1. Submission doc.: IEEE 11-13/0523r2 May 2013 Katsuo Yunoki, KDDI R&D LaboratoriesSlide 1 Understanding Current Situation of Public Wi-Fi Usage - Possible Requirements for HEW - Date: 2013-05-12 Authors:

2. Submission doc.: IEEE 11-13/0523r2 May 2013 Katsuo Yunoki, KDDI R&D LaboratoriesSlide 2 Introduction Problem Stating So many public Wi-Fi spots have been deployed in Japan. However, they have not been used so much as we expected. Why?? Understanding Current Situation Throughput measurement and frame monitoring were executed at a train station as an example of current public Wi-Fi usage. Proposing Possible Requirements Possible requirements are proposed from observed results.

3. Submission doc.: IEEE 11-13/0523r2May 2013 Katsuo Yunoki, KDDI R&D Laboratories Slide 3 Problem Stating -KDDI has deployed over 200,000 APs in public areas nationwide. (As of Sep. 2012) -However, the public Wi-Fi service has not been used so much from mobile devices as we expected. -The reasons include customers’ unsatisfaction with its data throughput at some places or sometimes.  It makes customers to switch Wi-Fi function off on their Smartphones. KDDI has taken many actions to make Wi-Fi use easier and more convenient. Refer to backup slides about them.

4. Submission doc.: IEEE 11-13/0523r2May 2013 Katsuo Yunoki, KDDI R&D Laboratories Slide 4 Understanding Current Situation (Real Example) Throughput measurement and frame monitoring were executed: -At Shibuya station of Tokyo Metro (under ground) -During 19:00-20:00 on April 15 (MON), 2013

5. Submission doc.: IEEE 11-13/0523r2May 2013 Katsuo Yunoki, KDDI R&D Laboratories Slide 5 Real Example (1) Download throughput Throughput (Mbps) Wi-Fi (2.4GHz) is slower than LTE. Why is 2.4GHz slower?? Measured by Android 4.1 device.

6. Submission doc.: IEEE 11-13/0523r2May 2013 Katsuo Yunoki, KDDI R&D Laboratories Slide 6 Real Example (2) Channel usages 2.4GHz CH1 5GHz higher band CH120 By Wifi Analyzer (Android App.) 5GHz lower band No APs existed. Frames monitored on CH1 and Ch120 (Slide 7)

7. Submission doc.: IEEE 11-13/0523r2 Real Example (2) Number of APs and STAs Number of APs and STAs was counted from “Source Addresses” in MAC header of observed frames. Number of APs was assumed from observed source addresses of Beacon frames. Slide 7Katsuo Yunoki, KDDI R&D Laboratories May 2013 min.12345Ave. STA119013871597181512931456 AP140134141150137140 min.12345Ave. STA745579482548458562 AP1677989 (min)

8. Submission doc.: IEEE 11-13/0523r2 Real Example (3) Channel Utilization “Channel Utilization” contained in “BSS Load IE” of Beacon/Probe Response frames with a specific BSSID. Slide 8Katsuo Yunoki, KDDI R&D Laboratories May 2013 05 min0

9. Submission doc.: IEEE 11-13/0523r2May 2013 Katsuo Yunoki, KDDI R&D Laboratories Slide 9 Real Example (4) Frame type profile (Frames) Frame typeCH1CH120 Unrecognized2143 (2%)510 (1%) ACK14996 (12%)6720 (13%) Data19790 (16%)10754 (21%) Control7522 (6%)5178 (10%) Management79144 (64%)28587 (55%) Total123595 (100%)51749 (100%) Retry frames34.4%21.8% CH utilization80~90%5% No. of fames per CH During 5 minutes. Frame capturing and throughput measurement weren’t executed simultaneously.

10. Submission doc.: IEEE 11-13/0523r2 Real Example (4) Breakdown of Management frames Slide 10Katsuo Yunoki, KDDI R&D Laboratories May 2013 (Frames) Frame typeQtty.% Others1,3142% P. Response44,35556% P. Request7,69810% Beacon25,87833% Frame typeQtty.% Others5272% P. Response6,29822% P. Request1,7766% Beacon19,96670% On CH1, the majority is Probe Response.

11. Submission doc.: IEEE 11-13/0523r2May 2013 Katsuo Yunoki, KDDI R&D Laboratories Slide 11 Observed results Comparing with 5GHz band, 2.4GHz band has: (1)Lower throughput (2)More APs/STAs existing on the same channel (3)Higher channel utilization (4)Lower channel use efficiency (5)More Management frames 11ai will reduce frames for AP discovery and link setup. (6)More retry frames

12. Submission doc.: IEEE 11-13/0523r2May 2013 Katsuo Yunoki, KDDI R&D Laboratories Slide 12 Considerations -In the market, the number of devices supporting 2.4GHz only is still larger than that of devices supporting 5GHz.  One of the reasons of lower throughput is large number of devices existing.  5GHz band will also be congested in the future as 5GHz supported devices become more popular. -More frame conflicts and losses happen in 2.4GHz band because of channel overlapping with neighboring channels.  Even in 5GHz band, existence of hidden terminals may cause frame conflicts and losses. Some of the solutions for HEW will be derived from solutions for mitigating issues of 2.4GHz band.

13. Submission doc.: IEEE 11-13/0523r2May 2013 Katsuo Yunoki, KDDI R&D Laboratories Slide 13 Possible requirements for HEW -The following requirements are proposed for HEW: Enhanced access control for assuring tolerable bandwidth Mitigation method for frame conflicts and losses  They might require not only PHY layer improvement but MAC layer improvement. -We hope that the new standard maximize performance and value of Wi-Fi by including requirements.

14. Submission doc.: IEEE 11-13/0523r2May 2013 Katsuo Yunoki, KDDI R&D Laboratories Slide 14 Backup Slides Actions for making Wi-Fi use easier and more convenient taken by KDDI are introduced as following slides about: 1.APs rolled out with 5GHz channels support 2.High Wi-Fi usage at home 3.Connection Manager App. 4.Connect/Disconnect control 5.EAP authentication 6.R&D activity

15. Submission doc.: IEEE 11-13/0523r2 Slide 15Katsuo Yunoki, KDDI R&D Laboratories May 2013 - Public Wi-Fi AP for KDDI Smartphone Users 200,000 spots As of Sep. 2012 - IEEE802.16e-based Mobile WiMAX - 94% POPS as of Nov. 2012 - Operated by UQ communications - CATV & FTTH bundle service - Smart TV Box Android-based STB Stimulating Fixed-NW usage Home AP -Indoor Wi-Fi router at Home for KDDI Smartphone Users. -More than 1.2M installed. (As of Sep. 2012) Public Wi-Fi spot KDDI's approaches for growing wireless data demand

16. Submission doc.: IEEE 11-13/0523r2 Faster and Stabler Wi-Fi Slide 16Katsuo Yunoki, KDDI R&D Laboratories May 2013 - All LTE Handset Models are equipped with 5GHz Wi-Fi - 5GHz Wi-Fi APs are rolled out nationwide. More than 1.2M KDDI Home APs at Home. More than 0.2M KDDI Wi-Fi Spots in Public Areas.* (as of Sep. 2012) * Some are not 5GHz compatible. Bandwidth Congestion/ Interference Speed 2.4GHz Normally 20MHz Congested depending on locations High 5GHz Typically 40MHz Less Congested Very High

17. Submission doc.: IEEE 11-13/0523r2 High Wi-Fi Usage at Home KDDI Home AP Slide 17Katsuo Yunoki, KDDI R&D Laboratories May 2013 -More than 1.2M installed -Among Home AP Users, some 66% of data migrated to Wi-Fi at around 11pm (peak hour in residential area) -This high usage rate was achieved by providing KDDI “Connection Manager App.” KDDI Home AP Usage Status Among Home AP users, some 66% of data migrated to Wi-Fi at around 11PM 66% Wi-Fi KDDI Home AP

18. Submission doc.: IEEE 11-13/0523r2May 2013 Katsuo Yunoki, KDDI R&D Laboratories Slide 18 “Connection Manager App.” Pre-installed Easy Home AP setup - For public Wi-Fi usage: No user setup for KDDI’s public Wi-Fi No user operation Automatic connection control (next Slide) KDDI is providing Android App. for Wi-Fi easier start-up.

19. Submission doc.: IEEE 11-13/0523r2May 2013 Katsuo Yunoki, KDDI R&D Laboratories Slide 19 Connect/Disconnect Control “Connection Manager App.” controls timing of association and disconnection in order to avoid communication problem at Wi-Fi fringe area. Cellular BS Fringe area Keep Wi-Fi, difficult to communicate AP w w w/o weak signal w/o ?? : with CM App. : without CM App. OK!! Connect with cellular

20. Submission doc.: IEEE 11-13/0523r2May 2013 Katsuo Yunoki, KDDI R&D Laboratories Slide 20 EAP Authentication -EAP-AKA + 802.1x have been implemented for user authentication For all LTE Android handsets. This USIM card based user authentication is completed during link setup. So interruption time of user data communication is very short. Previously, HTTP based user authentication was used for CDMA-only handsets. Interruption of user data communications is needed during this process. It requires some seconds to wait for.

21. Submission doc.: IEEE 11-13/0523r2May 2013 Katsuo Yunoki, KDDI R&D Laboratories Slide 21 R&D Activity - Link Aggregation is a function which communicates on Cellular and Wi-Fi link simultaneously. It may make Wi-Fi connectivity problems invisible. Because cellular communication will be maintained at that time period.