1. UNIT 3 : The clause complex as a combination of clauses and process configurations

2. CLAUSE TAXIS hypotaxis parataxis LOGICO SEMANTIC TYPE projection expansion idea locution elaboration extension enhancement

3. TWO WAYS OF EXPANDING THE MESSAGE PARATAXIS We refer to clauses as being initiating or continuing. HYPOTAXIS We refer to clauses as being ‘dominant’ or ‘dependent’ CLAUSE COMPLEX

4. THE CLAUSE COMPLEX TWO OR MORE UNITS RELATED THROUGH PARATAXIS OR HYPOTAXIS

5. PARATAXIS Relation between clauses of equal grammatical status HYPOTAXIS Relation between clauses of unequal grammatical status dominant Dependent/ Hypotactic

6. It refers to the dependency status of clauses in a complex TAXIS system of interdependency

7. PARATAXISPARATAXIS one clause follows on from another. 1. JUXTAPOSITION 2. COORDINATION 3. LINKING BY CONJUNCTIONS LIKE “SO” OR “YET” Represented by cardinal numbers 1,2,3…

8. She is Lisa ; she is my best friend. The analysis 1 2 She is Lisa and she is my best friend. 1 2 She is my best friend so I consider her my ‘sister’. 1 2

9. HYPOTAXISHYPOTAXIS one clause depends on another. Represented by Greek letters:    dominant clause ...  hypotactic clause

10. The analysis Since she is my best friend, I love spending time with her.   Lisa shows me her friendship by always giving me her support.   Going home, I met Lisa.   Lisa has to study hard if she wants to pass the exam.  

11. Practice: Parataxis and Hypotaxis identified (i) Sam bought the tickets and Sue parked the car. (ii) Sam bought the tickets while Sue parked the car. (iii) Highwalking is largely safe, but there are risks. (iv) There are risks in highwalking and we have to educate people about these risks. (v)We have to educate people about the risks in highwalking, if we are going to improve safety. (vi) A boy saved the life of his siblings yesterday, when fire broke out at their homes. (vii) He is the greatest artist I’ve ever known; his art is indeed unsurpassed.

12. Sam bought the tickets and Sue parked the car. AI II 1 2 B I Sam bought the tickets while Sue parked the car. α β Highwalking is largely safe, but there are risks. C I II 1 2 There are risks in highwalking and we have to educate people about these risks. D I II 1 2

13. We have to educate people about the risks in highwalking, if we are set on improving safety. E I II α β A boy saved the life of his siblings yesterday, when fire broke out at their homes. F I II α β He is the greatest artist [[ I’ve ever known]]; his art is indeed unsurpassed G I II 1 2

14. LOGICO-SEMANTIC RELATIONS They represent the way the speaker sees the connections to be made between one clause and another.

15. TWO KINDS OF LOGICAL RELATIONS TWO KINDS OF LOGICAL RELATIONS EXPANSION ELABORATION EXTENSION ENHANCEMENTPROJECTION LOCUTIONS IDEAS

16. EXPANSION It links processes by providing additional information in three different ways:

17. ELABORATION In an elaborating complex an initial clause is restated, exemplified, commented on or further specified by another. It is represented with an equal sign: =

18. ELABORATION T he second clause is a sort of paraphrase or afterthought of the first. You can think of Elaboration as the “that is to say” relationship This stew is awful, = it’s too salty She came to the meeting with her dog, =which surprised everybody

19. Four types of relationship are involved :  specification  restatement  exemplification  comment ELABORATION

20. This test is difficult; it’s too long and has several questions we have not discussed in class. Specification This test is difficult; it’s too long and has several questions we have not discussed in class. =

21. Restatement This test is difficult; it’s really complicated. This test is difficult; it’s really complicated. =

22. Exemplification I’ve played in several orchestras; I’ve played in the Darwin Symphony and the Brisbane Sinfonia. I’ve played in several orchestras; I’ve played in the Darwin Symphony and the Brisbane Sinfonia. =

23. Comment Tom has refused to help us, which shows that he is still angry. Tom has refused to help us, which shows that he is still angry. =

24. EXTENSION This extends the meaning of one clause by adding something new. The second clause adds a new, but related meaning to the first. It involves “and”, “but” and “or”.

25. Extension is less frequently realised in combination with hypotaxis. Typical hypotactic linkers are: while, whereas, without, instead of, rather than, except for, apart from, as well as, besides. EXTENSION

26. It is marked by a + sign EXTENSION I play a French horn or I could lazily watch TV and my sister plays oboe + I could practise this evening +

27. she sings in a choir. instead of studying for the exam. slamming the door behind him. Besides doing embroidery and playing tennis, + I will watch TV this evening + He left, +

28. ENHANCEMENT The meanings included as enhancement are those of time, place, manner, cause, concession and condition. Enhancement is most frequently found in combination with hypotaxis, although paratactic links with ‘so’ and ‘and then’ are common.

29. It is marked through an x sign then, I went to rehearsal because it was a public holiday ENHANCEMENT I lectured all day, x We didn’t have rehearsal on Monday x

30. Cook the meat and then went to the rehearsal. Temporal until it is tender x x I lectured all day Conditional or else you won’t make as much progress as you want to. I will go to the party provided that he comes along. Practise regularly; x x

31. Causal (reason/purpose) so he was very tired. in order that her parents would be proud of her. He was very tired as he had worked all day long. x He had worked all day long, x She studied hard x

32. Concessive yet/still he is very considerate and thoughtful. In spite of being only 10 years old, he is very considerate and thoughtful. x He is only 10 years old; x wherever night fell. Spatial She was welcome wherever we went. x They stopped x

33. (by) working hard. Manner I’m developing a more pleasing sound by changing my embouchure. x He is getting ahead in life x

34. parataxis 1 2 3… TAXIS hypotaxis  … TO SUM UP elaboration = LOGICO Expansion extension + SEMANTIC enhancement x RELATIONS Projection

35. This test is difficult; It’s really complicated TAXIS & EXPANSION She is Lisa ; she is my best friend. IA II 1 2 = BI 1 2 = This test is difficult; it’s too long and has several questions [[we have not discussed in class.]] CI II III 1 2 = 1 2 +

36. PRACTICE Apply the syntactic and L-S analysis to the following clause complexes. 1.If it’s in your family, you must consult a doctor or you will endanger future generations. If it’s in your family, You must consult a doctor, or you will endanger future generations.  AI II III  x 1 2+

37. 1.- Subsequently released, he escaped to England. 2.- Secure the clamp plate to cylinder block and connect the LT and HT leads to coil and plugs. 3.- The high-tension (HT) cables should be kept clean by wiping them periodically with a petrol soaked cloth. 4.- Jogging is bad for you; it jars your spine and damages your feet when you run on a hard surface, which can be a problem for life.

38. PROJECTION It links clauses by having one process projected through another either by quoting or reporting. It occurs through Mental and Verbal processes. LOCUTIONS LOCUTIONS occur after verbal processes. IDEAS IDEAS occur after mental processes

39. A projected locution is marked with “ The conductor said: “ “the next concert is in July” A projected idea is marked with ‘ I thought ‘ that the next concert was in July

40. whether/if they would surrender. to go to the park. He said “I will never surrender”. AI II 1 2 “ He said that he would never surrender BI II   “ He asked C II I   “ He said/ordered “Go to the park”. He told us/commanded us/ordered us D E I I II 1 2   “ “ TAXIS & PROJECTION

41. The babysitter said “don’t make a noise when you come in tonight” I II III A1 2   ” Toxic algae is poisoning our drinking water”, health experts warned yesterday. BI II 1 2 Water companies claim that there is no threat to public health once drinking supplies have been filtered. C I II III    “ x “ “ x

42. He wanted He thought ‘What a good idea!’ AI II 1 2 ‘ He thought that was a good idea. BI II   ‘ He thought to himself ‘Keep quiet!’ CI II 1 2 ‘ his friends to help. DI II   ‘

43. TO SUM UP parataxis 1 2 3… TAXIS hypotaxis  … elaboration = LOGICO Expansion extension + SEMANTIC enhancement x RELATIONS locutions “ Projection ideas ‘

44. PRACTICE 1.‘I’m sorry to interrupt you in this vital discussion,’ said Annie. 2.They asked if they could state their case, which was quite a straightforward one but the director just said, “you’ll have to ask John; he’s the boss. 3. Notices, which warn water-sports enthusiasts of the danger, have been already posted at most of the reservoirs. They have also been posted at 78 other lakes and rivers. 4. ‘ Won’t you sit down for a minute?’ Annie said to the official. 5. Fiona asked Geoffrey why he wasn’t wearing a sports jacket