1. Copyright  2005 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Management: A Pacific Rim Focus 4e by Bartol, Tein, Matthews, Martin 8–1 CHAPTER 9 ORGANISATION STRUCTURE

2. Copyright  2005 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Management: A Pacific Rim Focus 4e by Bartol, Tein, Matthews, Martin 8–2 NATURE OF ORGANISATION STRUCTURE Organizing: the process by which managers establish working relationships among employees to achieve goals. – Organizational Structure: formal system of task & reporting relationships showing how workers use resources. – Organizational design: managers make specific choices resulting in a given organizational structure. Successful organizational design depends on the organization’s unique situation.

3. Copyright  2005 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Management: A Pacific Rim Focus 4e by Bartol, Tein, Matthews, Martin 8–3 NATURE OF ORGANISATION STRUCTURE Four elements: 1. Assignment of tasks and responsibilities to individuals and units 2. Clustering these to form a hierarchy 3. Mechanisms for vertical coordination 4. Mechanisms for horizontal coordination

4. Copyright  2005 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Management: A Pacific Rim Focus 4e by Bartol, Tein, Matthews, Martin 8–4 NATURE OF ORGANISATION STRUCTURE The organisation chart – Line diagram depicting broad outlines of an organisation’s structure The chain of command – Unbroken line of command ultimately linking each individual with the top organizational position

5. Copyright  2005 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Management: A Pacific Rim Focus 4e by Bartol, Tein, Matthews, Martin 8–5 NATURE OF ORGANISATION STRUCTURE Principles of chart design: – As few hierarchical levels as possible – Charts should show who has authority over who – Charts should show official lines of responsibility & communication

6. Copyright  2005 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Management: A Pacific Rim Focus 4e by Bartol, Tein, Matthews, Martin 8–6 NATURE OF ORGANISATION STRUCTURE ABC INC.

7. Copyright  2005 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Management: A Pacific Rim Focus 4e by Bartol, Tein, Matthews, Martin 8–7 Factors Affecting Organizational Design Environment Strategy Human Resources Technology Determine design or organizational structure Determine design or organizational structure Figure 8.1

8. Copyright  2005 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Management: A Pacific Rim Focus 4e by Bartol, Tein, Matthews, Martin 8–8 JOB DESIGN: Specification of task activities associated with a particular job logical grouping of tasks design of jobs affects employee motivation Work Specialization: Degree to which work is broken down into various jobs Most organizations require work specialization, otherwise every employee would need to be able to perform every job

9. Copyright  2005 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Management: A Pacific Rim Focus 4e by Bartol, Tein, Matthews, Martin 8–9 JOB DESIGN Four main approaches: Job simplification Job rotation Job enlargement Job enrichment

10. Job Simplification Copyright  2005 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Management: A Pacific Rim Focus 4e by Bartol, Tein, Matthews, Martin 8–10 Worker 1 Task 1 Worker 2 Task 2 Worker 3 Task 3

11. Job Rotation Copyright  2005 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Management: A Pacific Rim Focus 4e by Bartol, Tein, Matthews, Martin 8–11 Worker 2 Task 1 Worker 3 Task 2 Worker 1 Task 3

12. Job Enlargement Copyright  2005 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Management: A Pacific Rim Focus 4e by Bartol, Tein, Matthews, Martin 8–12 Worker 1 Task 1,2,3 Worker 2 Task 1,2,3 Worker 3 Task 1,2,3

13. Copyright  2005 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Management: A Pacific Rim Focus 4e by Bartol, Tein, Matthews, Martin 8–13 Job characteristics model: Model developed to guide job enrichment efforts. Core job characteristics Critical psychological states Outcomes

14. Copyright  2005 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Management: A Pacific Rim Focus 4e by Bartol, Tein, Matthews, Martin 8–14 skill variety experienced meaningfulness task identity of the work high internal work task significance work motivation high ‘growth’ autonomy experienced responsibility satisfaction for work outcomes high work feedback from knowledge of results from effectiveness work activities Core Job Characteristics Critical Psychological States Outcomes Moderators: 1.Knowledge & skill 2.Growth need strength 3.Context satisfactions

15. Copyright  2005 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Management: A Pacific Rim Focus 4e by Bartol, Tein, Matthews, Martin 8–15 Job Characteristics Model Skill Variety Task Identity Task Significance Skill Variety Task Identity Task Significance Autonomy Feedback Meaningfulness of work Meaningfulness of work Responsibility for Work OutcomesResponsibility Outcomes Knowledge of results of work Knowledge of results of work High:MotivationPerformanceSatisfactionHigh:MotivationPerformanceSatisfaction Figure 8.2

16. Copyright  2005 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Management: A Pacific Rim Focus 4e by Bartol, Tein, Matthews, Martin 8–16 MANAGING DIVERSITY: ALTERNATIVE WORK SCHEDULES Schedules based on adjustments in the normal work schedule rather than in the job content. Flexitime Compressed work week Job sharing

17. Copyright  2005 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Management: A Pacific Rim Focus 4e by Bartol, Tein, Matthews, Martin 8–17 MANAGING DIVERSITY: ALTERNATIVE WORK SCHEDULES Balancing work and personal life Flexitime: core hours to be worked, more at employee discretion Flexitime: core hours to be worked, more at employee discretion Compressed work week: longer hours worked per day, shorter working week Compressed work week: longer hours worked per day, shorter working week Job sharing: two or more people sharing a full-time job Job sharing: two or more people sharing a full-time job

18. Copyright  2005 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Management: A Pacific Rim Focus 4e by Bartol, Tein, Matthews, Martin 8–18 DEPARTMENTALISATION Functional: based on expertise, skill & similarity of work activity Functional: based on expertise, skill & similarity of work activity Divisional: based on product or market similarities Divisional: based on product or market similarities Hybrid: some activities grouped by function, some by products or markets Hybrid: some activities grouped by function, some by products or markets Clustering individuals into units, and units into departments and larger units, to facilitate achieving organizational goals. Four types:

19. Copyright  2005 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Management: A Pacific Rim Focus 4e by Bartol, Tein, Matthews, Martin 8–19 METHODS OF VERTICAL COORDINATION Linking of activities at the top of the organisation with those at the middle and lower levels to achieve organisational goals. Formalisation Span of management Centralisation vs decentralisation Delegation Line & staff positions

20. Copyright  2005 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Management: A Pacific Rim Focus 4e by Bartol, Tein, Matthews, Martin 8–20 METHODS OF VERTICAL COORDINATION Formalisation: Degree to which written policies, rules, procedures, job descriptions and other documents specify what actions are (not) to be taken under a given set of circumstances Extent of formalisation tends to grow with age & size.

21. Copyright  2005 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Management: A Pacific Rim Focus 4e by Bartol, Tein, Matthews, Martin 8–21 Factors influencing span of management: – High competence levels – Low interaction requirements – Work similarity (between organisational peers) – Low problem frequency and seriousness – Physical proximity – Few non-supervisory duties of managers – Considerable available assistance – High motivational work possibilities

22. Copyright  2005 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Management: A Pacific Rim Focus 4e by Bartol, Tein, Matthews, Martin 8–22 Centralisation: Extent to which power & authority are retained at the top organisational levels Decentralisation: Extent to which power & authority are delegated to lower levels Factors favouring centralisation: Large organisational size Geographic dispersion Technological complexity Environmental uncertainty

23. Copyright  2005 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Management: A Pacific Rim Focus 4e by Bartol, Tein, Matthews, Martin 8–23 Delegation: Assignment of part of a manager’s work to others, along with both responsibility & authority necessary to achieve expected results Factors restraining delegation: Fear of subordinate failure Time to train subordinates Enjoy doing tasks Release of authority Concern for task performance Fear subordinate competence

24. Copyright  2005 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Management: A Pacific Rim Focus 4e by Bartol, Tein, Matthews, Martin 8–24 Line authority Authority following the chain of command established by the formal hierarchy Functional authority Authority of staff over others in the organisation in matters related directly to their respective functions e.g. HRM dept

25. Copyright  2005 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Management: A Pacific Rim Focus 4e by Bartol, Tein, Matthews, Martin 8–25 METHODS OF HORIZONTAL COORDINATION Horizontal coordination: Linking of activities across departments at similar levels Need for information processing across the organisation Promotes innovation through dissemination of ideas & information

26. Copyright  2005 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Management: A Pacific Rim Focus 4e by Bartol, Tein, Matthews, Martin 8–26 Horizontal coordination promoted by: Slack resources: Cushion of resources that facilitates adaptations to internal/external pressures, as well as initiation of changes. Information systems: One information source for many users. Lateral relations: Direct contact, liaison roles, task forces, teams