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Chromosome Structure and DNA Replication
12-2 Chromosome Structure and DNA Replication
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Chromosomes Prokaryotic cells Eukaryotic cells One single chromosome
Shape? Eukaryotic cells Typically have ~1000 times the amount of DNA as prokaryotes Chromosome number varies between species Humans are 46, potato is 48 (4 sets of 12)
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DNA length Very long Requires condensing in order to fit in cells
DNA in E. Coli (bacteria) is over 1 million bases long, over 1 mm in length Human DNA is roughly 3 billion bases long, length is over 1 meter long Requires condensing in order to fit in cells Forms chromatin when tightly coiled around histone proteins Condenses into chromosomes during prophase
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DNA Replication Each strand of DNA can be used to create a new one
Replication forks: areas where separation of DNA strands and replication of new strands begins Essential for cell division to occur
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DNA Replication Double helix separates, then each strand has a new complimentary strand created by DNA polymerase A to T and G to C DNA helicase: “unzips” the DNA Essential step for DNA polymerase to bind to DNA DNA polymerase Brings the new nucleotides together Responsible for proofreading the new DNA strands
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