1. CHAPTER 15 All end of chapter questions due on Tuesday, February 19th

2. Lecture Outlines Chapter 15 Environment: The Science behind the Stories 4th Edition Withgott/Brennan

3. This lecture will help you understand: Water’s importance to people and ecosystems Water’s distribution Use and alteration of freshwater systems Problems of water supply and solutions Problems of water quality and solutions How wastewater is treated

4. Freshwater systems Water may seem abundant, but drinkable water is rare Freshwater = relatively pure, with few dissolved salts – Most is tied up in glaciers, ice caps, and aquifers

5. Water is renewed and recycled as it moves through the hydrologic cycle

6. Wetlands are valuable Wetlands are extremely valuable for wildlife – They slow runoff, reduce flooding, recharge aquifers, and filter pollutants People have drained wetlands, mostly for agriculture – Southern Canada and the U.S. have lost over half of their wetlands In 2006 the Supreme Court told the Army Corps of Engineers it must create guidelines to determine when wetlands are valuable enough to protect by law

7. The Colorado River The Colorado River originates in the Rocky Mountains – Draining into the Gulf of California Its waters chiseled the Grand Canyon – But it has been reduced to a mere trickle Dams provide flood control, recreation, and hydroelectric power – 30 million people use the water (7 states) Death of a River

8. We are depleting surface water In many places, we are withdrawing water at unsustainable rates – Reduced flow drastically changes the river’s ecology, plant community, and destroys fish and invertebrates The Colorado River often does not reach the Gulf of California

9. Groundwater plays a key role Groundwater = water beneath the surface held in pores in soil or rock – 20% of the Earth’s freshwater supply Aquifers = porous, sponge-like formations of rock, sand, or gravel that hold water – Zone of aeration = pore spaces are partly filled with water – Zone of saturation = spaces are filled with water – Water table = boundary between the two zones Recharge zone = any area where water infiltrates Earth’s surface and reaches aquifers

10. A typical aquifer

11. The Ogallala Aquifer The world’s largest known aquifer Underlies the Great Plains of the U.S. Its water has allowed farmers to create the most bountiful grain-producing region in the world

12. Water supplies houses, agriculture, and industry Proportions of these three types of use vary dramatically among nations – Arid countries use water for agriculture – Developed countries use water for industry Consumptive use = water is removed from an aquifer or surface water body and is not returned – Irrigation = the provision of water to crops Nonconsumptive use = does not remove, or only temporarily removes, water – Electricity generation at hydroelectric dams

13. The Aral Sea Once the fourth-largest lake on Earth – It lost 80% of its volume in 45 years The two rivers leading into the Aral Sea were diverted to irrigate cotton fields 60,000 fishing jobs are gone Pesticide-laden dust from the lake bed is blown into the air Cotton cannot save the region’s economy

14. Irrigation wastes water 15–35% of water withdrawals for irrigation are unsustainable Water mining = withdraws water faster than it can be replenished

15. We are depleting groundwater Groundwater is easily depleted – Aquifers recharge slowly – Used by one-third of all people As aquifers are mined, water tables drop – Salt water intrudes in coastal areas Sinkholes = areas where ground gives way unexpectedly – Aquifers can’t recharge Wetlands dry up Where subsidence is happening

16. Desalinization “makes” more water Desalination (desalinization) = the removal of salt from seawater or other water of marginal quality – Distilling = evaporates and condenses ocean water – Reverse osmosis = forces water through membranes to filter out salts Desalinization facilities operate mostly in the arid Middle East – It is expensive, requires fossil fuels, kills aquatic life, and produces salty waste

17. Agricultural demand can be reduced Line irrigation canals Level fields to reduce runoff Use efficient irrigation methods Modern Irrigation methods may save riversModern Irrigation methods may save rivers – Low-pressure spray irrigation sprays water downward – Drip irrigation systems target individual plants Match crops to land and climate Eliminate water subsidies Selective breeding and genetic modification to produce crops that require less water Eat less meat

18. Residential demand can be reduced Install low-flow faucets, showerheads, washing machines, and toilets Rainwater harvesting = capturing rain from roofs Gray water = wastewater from showers and sinks Water lawns at night We can save hundreds or thousands of gallons/day Xeriscaping uses plants adapted to arid conditions

19. Industrial demand can be reduced Shift to processes that use less water – Wastewater recycling Use excess surface water runoff to recharge aquifers Patch leaky pipes and retrofit homes with efficient plumbing Audit industries Promote conservation/education

20. Nutrient pollution Nutrient pollution from fertilizers, farms, sewage, lawns, golf courses leads to eutrophication Fertilizers add phosphorus to water, which boosts algal and aquatic plant growth Spreading algae cover the surface, decreasing sunlight Bacteria eat dead algae, reducing dissolved oxygen Fish and shellfish die Solutions include treating wastewater Reducing fertilizer application Using phosphate-free detergents Planting vegetation to increase nutrient uptake

21. Eutrophication is a natural process, but… Human activities dramatically increase the rate at which it occurs

22. Pathogens and waterborne diseases Enter water supplies through inadequately treated human waste and animal waste from feedlots Fecal coliform bacteria indicate fecal contamination – They are not pathogenic organisms – But the water may also hold other disease-causing pathogens (e.g., giardiasis, typhoid, hepatitis A) Bacterial pollution causes more human health problems than any other type of water pollution Conditions are improving 86% of people now have safe water

23. Pathogens cause human health problems 1 billion are still without safe water 2.6 billion have inadequate sewer or sanitary facilities - Mostly rural Asians and Africans Health impacts kill 5 million people per year Solutions: - Disinfect drinking water - Treat sewage - Public education to encourage personal hygiene - Government enforcement of regulations protecting food

24. Make sure to reveiw toxic pollution thermal pollution sediment pollution

25. Legislative efforts reduce pollution Water pollution was worse decades ago – Citizen activism and government response resulted in legislation during the 1960s and 1970s – The situation is much better now The Federal Water Pollution Control Act (1972) – Renamed the Clean Water Act in 1977 – It is illegal to discharge pollution without a permit – Sets standards for industrial wastewater – Funded sewage treatment plants