1. October 12, 1999: 6 billion! Now doubling every 61 years December, 2012: 7 billion!

4. Pesticides and the GREEN REVOLUTION can we feed the planet? Since 1950 food grew faster than population: population growth:1.7% per year food growth: 3% per year land growth: 0% per year

5. 10% of Earth’s surface produces food 37% of Earth’s land produces food Total surface area of earth  5.1  10 14 m 2 Land  25%  1.3  10 14 m 2  13 Gha 10%  4.8 Gha (1 hm = 10 2 m; 1 ha = 1 hm 2 = 10 4 m 2 ) pastures: 3.3 Gha cropland:1.5 Gha

6. The Earth's Land Total Area: 13 Billion Hectares Other land" includes barren and developed land. Source: Food and Agriculture Organization from Committee for the National Institute for the Environment http://www.cnie.org/pop/conserving/landuse2.htm

7. [1]development of high yield strains of grains [2]increased use of inorganic fertilizers [3]irrigation [4]synthetic pesticide use The green revolution: increase production eliminate competition

8. 3 times more food being produced then in 1950 Are there any environmental impacts?

9. Glyphosate (G) is the largest selling herbicide worldwide; the most common formulations (Roundup, R) contain polyoxyethyleneamine as main surfactant. Recent findings indicate that G exposure may cause DNA damage and cancer in humans. Arch Toxicol. 2012 Feb 14. Epub 2012 Feb 14. PMID: 22331240

10. Glyphosate kills EPSP  Plant cannot make  Aromatic aminoacids

12. Dow Chemical (the main manufacturer of DDT) and the Velsicol Chemical Company were the first to respond to the publication of Silent Spring. They threatened legal action against the publishers as well as the magazines publishing excerpts, and then they began publishing their own brochures, documentaries, books and articles promoting the safety of pesticides while attacking Carson and her book. Staunch critics claimed that if we followed the advice of this “Doomsayer” that we’d return to the Dark Ages and insects would inherit the earth. Some attacked Carson’s scientific credentials (she was only a marine biologist), while others labeled her “a fanatic defender of the cult of the balance of nature.” Finally there were those who called her a Communist.

13. Metabolic breakdown product, DDE:

16. Properties of DDT and other organic compounds 1. very stable 2. low stability in water 3. high stability in hydrocarbon solvents 4. high toxicity to tissues 5. relatively low toxicity to humans

17. The idea of BIOMAGNIFICATION

18. Fish are living separatory funnels They ingest water containing DDT The DDT dissolves in the fatty tissues of their bodies

19. Biomagnification in Long Island Sound [DDT] in sea water0.000003 ppm [DDT] in plankton0.04 ppm [DDT] in minnows0.5 ppm [DDT] in needle fish2 ppm [DDT] in cormorants25 ppm

21. Polychlorine biphenols = PCBs

25. © 2012 W. H. Freeman & Co.

29. LD 50 A measure of toxicity 1. Feed DDT to rats (spike their food) 2. Continue upping their dose until half of the die 3. Measure concentration of DDT in the rats 4. LD 50 = (mass of DDT in rats) # Kg of rat

31. © 2012 W. H. Freeman & Co.

34. Some of the top global environmental disasters: Photosynthesis Meteorite impact Global warming

35. Some of the top local environmental disasters: Bophal Love canal Soveso Three mile Island Chernobil Fukushima Exon Valdez Horizon platform