1. Civilization

2. Civilization What is Civilization Advanced Cities Specialized Workers
Food surplus provided the opportunity for specialization
As cities grew the need for specialized workers grew.
Traders, priests, government officials
Complex Institutions (well organized central governments
Government, religions, and economy
Soaring population made government necessary
Education systmen

3. Civilization Writing (Record Keeping) Advance Technology
As government, religion and economy grew so did the need for record keeping.
Writing system is development
Pictogram: simple drawings that represents symbols, then sounds
Advance Technology
New tools
Farmers stated to use animals and nature
Melting copper and tin together made bronze
Public Works: building irrigations systems, roads, bridges and defensive walls

4. Civilization Social Classes;
Ranked according to their jobs
Priests, wealthy merchants, artisans, peasants, then slaves
Arts and Architecture: Expressed the beliefs and values of people
Complex Religion
Polytheistic: many gods: sun god, river god, moon god.

5. How did Civilization Start
Villages grew into cities
Communities were based on agriculture
Domesticated animals became more common
Population increased
Economic Changes
Food surpluses freed some villagers to pursue other jobs
Developed skills besides farming
Craftspeople
Trade with other villages stated
Two Important inventions: Wheel and sail (Mesopotamian)

6. How did Civilization Start
III Social Changes
Complex and prosperous economy affected the social structure of the village life.
Social classes starting to form
Religion is more organized
Polytheistic

7. Civilization Spread of Civilization Civilization and Change
City-states started to form
Empires were territories controlled by one ruler. ( Group of city-states)
Interactions with nomads (culture diffusion)
Civilization and Change
Environmental changes
Interactions among peoples (Culture Diffusion)

8. Ancient Civilizations
I. Early River Valley
Neolithic Period, permanent settlements appeared in river valleys
River valleys provided rich soil for crops & protection from invasions
Fertile Crescent
II. Locations and Time Frame (3500B.C. to 500B.C.)
Egyptian: Nile River Valley and Delta (Africa)
Mesopotania: Tigris and Euphrates River Valleys
Indus River Valley: Indian
Huang He Valley: China
Others:
Hebrew: Mediterranean Sea and Jordan River valley
Phoenicians: along the Mediterranean Sea coast
Kush : located on the upper Nile River (South)

10. Mesopotamian Civilization
I. Location
People started top settle in the Southern parts of the Fertile Crescent before 4500 B.C.
These people were called Sumerians
II Sumerian (City State)
Geography;
Fertile Crescent, the land between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers
River flooded yearly: Dry hot summers, No rainfall after the floods.
No natural barriers for protection
Surplus of wheat and barley

12. Sumer Earliest cities in southern Mesopotamia
Agriculture and trade (as far away as India)
Sumerians
Developed the wheel
Created first writing system (cuneiform)
Devised a mathematical system and astronomy

13. Mesopotamian Civilization
III Great Solutions:
Large irrigation ditches to irrigate their fields and for protection.
These activities required organization, cooperation, and leadership
This is the beginning of organized government and laws
IV Government and Society
World’s first city states
Social hierarchy: Priests controlled early government,
Centralized government based on religion authority
Monarch (soldiers) took control during war. Pass their powers to their sons. Forming Dynasties
Women lost status overtime.

14. The Law Code of Hammurabi

15. Reign of Hammurabi of Babylon, 1792-1750 B.C.

16. Code of Hammurabi FIRST WRITTEN LAWS *******
Needed a single, uniformed code of law
Code listed 282 specific laws dealing with everything from family relationships to business
Different punishment for rich and poor and for men and women
*******Important Idea: It reinforced the principle that government had a responsibility for what occurred in society

17. Religion Religion and Mythology
Polytheistic religious belief reflected harshness of war and struggle with unpredictable environment
War-like gods who possessed total control over human lives
Sacrifices, rituals, temples (ziggurats)
Power of priests and priestesses

22. Ziggurat at Ur

23. Ziggurat at Ur

26. Sumerian Science and Technology
Irrigation
Bronze
Wheel, Sail, Ramp and plow
Basic algebra and geometry.
Strong in Astronomy which led to calendars

27. Language and writing
 Pictograms: Earliest written symbols
 Hieroglyphics: Egypt
 Cuneiform: Sumer
 Alphabet: Phoenicia

28. A pictogram- a simplified picture used in early forms of writing

29. Sumerian Writing Video Writing Cuneiform: Need to keep records
Developed from pictographs
Recorded myths, laws, treaties, and business
Scribes
Video Writing

30. Cuneiform

31. Cuneiform Mesopotamian

32. Cuneiform

33. Egyptian Culture Writing Science and Technolgy Hieroglyphic
Earliest forms were pictures
Later pictures stood for a sound
Written on papyrus
Science and Technolgy
Pyramids, Mathematics, geometry & Calendar.

34. Phoenicians:
Sailors and Traders
Settle along the eastern Mediterranean
Colonized throughout the Mediterranean, as far away as Sicily and Spain
Alphabet*****************************

36. China
Writing- very difficult
10,000 characters
calligraphy- art form

38. Egyptian Writing “Hieroglyphics

39. Egyptian Civilization
Location
North Africa
Nile River Valley
Delta
Government:
Theocracy
Pharaohs

40. Egyptian Culture Religion and Life Society: Hereditary Polytheistic
Pharaoh viewed as god as well
Death: After life
Mummification, embalming and drying the corpse
Built great pyramids: TOMBS
Society: Hereditary
Royal family, Upper class, Middle class, lower class
Women had a higher status & greater independence

42. Egyptian Pyramids

45. Mummies

46. Mummification

47. Purification of the body

48. Removal of the Internal organs

49. Drying the body

50. Washing the body

51. Body is stuffed with dry materials

52. Internal organs are put into jars

53. Body is Wrapped in linens

54. Body is wrapped in linens

57. Indus River Valley Civilization

58. Indus Geography (India) Civilization: Writing unknown
Indus and Ganges Rivers
Hindus Kush and Himalaya separate India from Asia
Civilization:
Little is know
Traded with Africa
Planned Cities (sewage system)
Strong Central government
Religion: Polytheism
Writing unknown

59. Indus
India began along the Indus River, where two cities developed: Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro
The Harrappans inscribed pictograms-scientists have not been able to decipher the meanings
The two cities had common traits:

60. Built using baked clay bricks
Planned before construction, using a grid pattern
Had indoor plumbing
These early cities were destroyed by Aryan invaders when they conquered the region

62. China Location: Huang He Valley Religion: Polytheism
Natural barriers isolated ancient China
Religion: Polytheism
Believed in spirits of family ancestors.
Consulted the gods through the use of oracle bones
Culture: Strong family tires
Loyalty to the family
Women were treated was inferiors
Government: Strong Central government,
First Dynasties
Sharply divided between nobles and peasants (
Ruled by class of warrior-nobles
Writing: early character stood for an idea, not a sound
Helped unify China
Technology:
Flood control an irrigation projects, Calendar, Math, and Silk cloth.

63. China

64. Other Civilizations Phoenicians: Persian Empire:
Sailors and Traders
Settle along the eastern Mediterranean
Colonized throughout the Mediterranean, as far away as Sicily and Spain
Alphabet*****************************
Persian Empire:
Built on earlier Central Asian and Mesopotamia Civ
Tolerance of conquered peoples
Development Imperial bureaucracy
New Religion: ZOROASTRAIANISM
One wise god controlled the world and one evil god
Good v.s. Bad
Money Economy
Road System to link the Empire

65. Monotheism and Polytheism
Development of religious traditions
Monotheism is the belief in only one God
Polytheism is the belief in many gods
 Polytheism was practiced by most early civilizations.
 Monotheism was practiced by the Hebrews.

66. Raise of Judaism Origins of Judaism
Abraham is considered the founder of Judaism.
Moses:
led the Israelites out of Egypt to Canaan”
The land they believed that God promises them
Jerusalem: Capital of kingdom of Israel
Beliefs, traditions and customs of Judaism
Monotheistic: one god
Torah: contains written records and beliefs of Hebrews
Ten Commandment: heart of Judaism
state moral and religious conduct
A set of laws that God gave them
Exile
Diaspora

69. Judaism Spread of Judaism Why is Judaism Important
Exile: The Chaldens destroyed the great temple in Jerusalem: forcing Israelites into exile.
Diaspora: scattering of people, sent Jews to different parts of the world
Why is Judaism Important
First monotheistic religion
Foundation of Judaism, Christianity, and Islamic Religions

70. Characteristics of Early Civilization
Social patterns
Hereditary rulers
Dynasties of kings and Pharaohs
Rigid class system, where slavery was accepted
Political Patterns
World’s first states( city-states, kingdom/Empire)
Centralized governments (Religious Auth)
Written laws: Ten Commandments/ Code of Hammurabi

71. Development of Economic Patterns
Metal tools & Weapons
Increasing agricultural surplus
Increase in trade along the rivers/seas Phoenicians****
Specialization of labor
Religion Traditions
Polytheism was practiced by most early Civ
Monotheism was practiced by the Hebrews
Writing:
Pictograms Hieroglyphic, Cuneiform, Alphabet

72. Language and Writing
Hieroglyphics
Cuneiform

73. Hieroglyphics

74. Social and political organization:
The King: he had military powers.
The Governors: they governed the territories of the kingdom. They were generals and judges at the same time.
The aristocracy: they were priests and traders.
The peasants: the people who work the land.
The King
The Governors
The Aristocracy
The Peasantry

75. The Four River Valley Civilization

78. The Dynasty of Ur, B.C.
Sumer, B.C.
Sargon’s Empire, B.C.
Reign of Hammurapi of Babylon, B.C.
The Amorite invasions, B.C.

79. Apsu: the fresh waters (male principle)
Tiamat: the salt waters (female principle)
Ea, the god of intelligence and wisdom, puts Apsu in a trance and then kills him.
The statue of the god Marduk with his dragon, from a Babylonian cylinder seal. Marduk killed Tiamat.

80. These carved stone figures, their eyes wide with awe and their hands clasped in reverence, were placed in Mesopotamian temples by worshippers to stand in perpetual prayer on their behalf before the god or goddess to whom the sanctuary was dedicated.
There were many gods. For example, Anu was the father of the gods and the god of the sky; Enlil was the god of the air; Utu was the sun god and the lord of truth and justice; Nanna was the moon god; Inanna was the goddess of love and war; Ninhursag was the goddess of earth; and Enki was the god of fresh water as well as the lord of wisdom and magic.
While they served and revered the great gods, most people felt little connection with these distant beings. Ordinary people depended on a relationship with their own personal god - a kind of guardian angel - who protected individuals and interceded for them with the great deities.

85. Hieroglyphics Egypt