1. ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING: PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS, Fourth Edition, by Allan R. Hambley, ©2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Lecture 21 Magnetic Circuits, Materials

2. ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING: PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS, Fourth Edition, by Allan R. Hambley, ©2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Magnetic Circuits and Transformers 1. Understand magnetic fields and their interactions with moving charges. 2. Use the right-hand rule to determine the direction of the magnetic field around a current-carrying wire or coil.

3. ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING: PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS, Fourth Edition, by Allan R. Hambley, ©2008 Pearson Education, Inc. 3. Calculate forces on moving charges and current carrying wires due to magnetic fields. 4. Calculate the voltage induced in a coil by a changing magnetic flux or in a conductor cutting through a magnetic field. 5. Use Lenz’s law to determine the polarities of induced voltages.

4. ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING: PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS, Fourth Edition, by Allan R. Hambley, ©2008 Pearson Education, Inc. 6. Apply magnetic-circuit concepts to determine the magnetic fields in practical devices. 7. Determine the inductance and mutual inductance of coils given their physical parameters. 8. Understand hysteresis, saturation, core loss, and eddy currents in cores composed of magnetic materials such as iron.

5. ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING: PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS, Fourth Edition, by Allan R. Hambley, ©2008 Pearson Education, Inc. 9. Understand ideal transformers and solve circuits that include transformers. 10. Use the equivalent circuits of real transformers to determine their regulations and power efficiencies.

6. ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING: PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS, Fourth Edition, by Allan R. Hambley, ©2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Magnetic Field Lines Magnetic fields can be visualized as lines of flux that form closed paths The flux density vector B is tangent to the lines of flux

7. ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING: PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS, Fourth Edition, by Allan R. Hambley, ©2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Magnetic Fields Magnetic flux lines form closed paths that are close together where the field is strong and farther apart where the field is weak. Flux lines leave the north-seeking end of a magnet and enter the south-seeking end. When placed in a magnetic field, a compass indicates north in the direction of the flux lines.

8. ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING: PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS, Fourth Edition, by Allan R. Hambley, ©2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Right-Hand Rule

9. ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING: PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS, Fourth Edition, by Allan R. Hambley, ©2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Forces on Charges Moving in Magnetic Fields

10. ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING: PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS, Fourth Edition, by Allan R. Hambley, ©2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Force on straight wire of length l in a constant magnetic field Forces on Current-Carrying Wires

11. ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING: PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS, Fourth Edition, by Allan R. Hambley, ©2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Force on a Current Carrying Wire

12. ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING: PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS, Fourth Edition, by Allan R. Hambley, ©2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Flux Linkages and Faraday’s Law Magnetic flux passing through a surface area A: For a constant magnetic flux density perpendicular to the surface: The flux linking a coil with N turns:

13. ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING: PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS, Fourth Edition, by Allan R. Hambley, ©2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Faraday’s Law Faraday’s law of magnetic induction: The voltage induced in a coil whenever its flux linkages are changing. Changes occur from: Magnetic field changing in time Coil moving relative to magnetic field

14. ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING: PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS, Fourth Edition, by Allan R. Hambley, ©2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Lenz’s law states that the polarity of the induced voltage is such that the voltage would produce a current (through an external resistance) that opposes the original change in flux linkages. Lenz’s Law

15. ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING: PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS, Fourth Edition, by Allan R. Hambley, ©2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Lenz’s Law

16. ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING: PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS, Fourth Edition, by Allan R. Hambley, ©2008 Pearson Education, Inc. US5,975,714 Renewable Energy Flashlight

17. ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING: PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS, Fourth Edition, by Allan R. Hambley, ©2008 Pearson Education, Inc. US5,975,714 Renewable Energy Flashlight

18. ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING: PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS, Fourth Edition, by Allan R. Hambley, ©2008 Pearson Education, Inc. US5,975,714 Renewable Energy Flashlight

19. ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING: PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS, Fourth Edition, by Allan R. Hambley, ©2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Voltages Induced in Field-Cutting Conductors

20. ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING: PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS, Fourth Edition, by Allan R. Hambley, ©2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Ampère’s Law: Magnetic Field Intensity and Ampère’s Law

21. ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING: PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS, Fourth Edition, by Allan R. Hambley, ©2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Ampère’s Law The line integral of the magnetic field intensity around a closed path is equal to the sum of the currents flowing through the surface bounded by the path.

22. ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING: PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS, Fourth Edition, by Allan R. Hambley, ©2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Magnetic Field Intensity and Ampère’s Law

23. ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING: PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS, Fourth Edition, by Allan R. Hambley, ©2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Magnetic Field Around a Long Straight Wire

24. ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING: PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS, Fourth Edition, by Allan R. Hambley, ©2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Flux Density in a Toroidal Core

25. ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING: PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS, Fourth Edition, by Allan R. Hambley, ©2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Flux Density in a Toroidal Core

26. ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING: PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS, Fourth Edition, by Allan R. Hambley, ©2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Example 15.7

27. ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING: PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS, Fourth Edition, by Allan R. Hambley, ©2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Example 15.8 Find the force between these two wires if they are 1 m long and separated by 0.1 m:

28. ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING: PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS, Fourth Edition, by Allan R. Hambley, ©2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Magnetic Circuits In many engineering applications, we need to compute the magnetic fields for structures that lack sufficient symmetry for straight-forward application of Ampère’s law. Then, we use an approximate method known as magnetic-circuit analysis.

29. ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING: PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS, Fourth Edition, by Allan R. Hambley, ©2008 Pearson Education, Inc. magnetomotive force (mmf) of an N-turn current-carrying coil reluctance of a path for magnetic flux Analog: Voltage (emf) Analog: Resistance Analog: Ohm’s Law

30. ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING: PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS, Fourth Edition, by Allan R. Hambley, ©2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Reluctance  Resistance

31. ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING: PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS, Fourth Edition, by Allan R. Hambley, ©2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Magnetic Circuit for Toroidal Coil

32. ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING: PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS, Fourth Edition, by Allan R. Hambley, ©2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Advantage of the Magnetic-Circuit Approach The advantage of the magnetic-circuit approach is that it can be applied to unsymmetrical magnetic cores with multiple coils.

33. ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING: PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS, Fourth Edition, by Allan R. Hambley, ©2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Magnetic Circuit with an Air Gap Find what current is required to generate a flux density of B gap =0.25 T in the air gap.

34. ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING: PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS, Fourth Edition, by Allan R. Hambley, ©2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Magnetic Circuit with an Air Gap

35. ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING: PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS, Fourth Edition, by Allan R. Hambley, ©2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Fringing We approximately account for fringing by adding the length of the gap to the depth and width in computing effective gap area.

36. ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING: PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS, Fourth Edition, by Allan R. Hambley, ©2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Magnetic Circuit with an Air Gap

37. ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING: PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS, Fourth Edition, by Allan R. Hambley, ©2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Exercise 15.9 Determine the current required to establish a flux density of 0.5T in the air gap

38. ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING: PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS, Fourth Edition, by Allan R. Hambley, ©2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Exercise 15.9

39. ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING: PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS, Fourth Edition, by Allan R. Hambley, ©2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Exercise 15.9

40. ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING: PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS, Fourth Edition, by Allan R. Hambley, ©2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Exercise 15.9

41. ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING: PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS, Fourth Edition, by Allan R. Hambley, ©2008 Pearson Education, Inc. A Magnetic Circuit with Reluctances in Series and Parallel Find the flux density in each gap

42. ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING: PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS, Fourth Edition, by Allan R. Hambley, ©2008 Pearson Education, Inc. A Magnetic Circuit with Reluctances in Series and Parallel

43. ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING: PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS, Fourth Edition, by Allan R. Hambley, ©2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Magnetic Materials

44. ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING: PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS, Fourth Edition, by Allan R. Hambley, ©2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Magnetic Materials The relationship between B and H is not linear for the types of iron used in motors and transformers. B-H curves exhibits “hysterysis”

45. ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING: PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS, Fourth Edition, by Allan R. Hambley, ©2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Magnetic Materials Magnetic field of atoms within small domains are aligned Magnetic fields of the small domains are initially randomly oriented As the magnetic field intensity increases, the domains tend to align, leaving a residual alignment even when the applied field is reduced to zero Linear 1-2 Alignment 2-3 Total alignment Residual alignment at H=0

46. ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING: PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS, Fourth Edition, by Allan R. Hambley, ©2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Energy Considerations

47. ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING: PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS, Fourth Edition, by Allan R. Hambley, ©2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Energy Considerations The area between the B-H curve and the B axis represents the volumetric energy supplied to the core

48. ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING: PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS, Fourth Edition, by Allan R. Hambley, ©2008 Pearson Education, Inc.

49. Core Loss Power loss due to hysteresis is proportional to frequency, assuming constant peak flux.

50. ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING: PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS, Fourth Edition, by Allan R. Hambley, ©2008 Pearson Education, Inc.

51. Eddy-Current Loss As the magnetic field changes in a material, it causes “eddy currents” to flow. Power loss due to eddy currents is proportional to the square of frequency, assuming constant peak flux.

52. ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING: PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS, Fourth Edition, by Allan R. Hambley, ©2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Energy Stored in the Magnetic Field