1. Changing Epidemiology of Bacteraemia in Infants aged 1 week to 3months Mekhala Ayya SCH Journal Club 3 rd April 2014 TL Greenhow, Yun-Yi Hung, Arnd M Herz

2. Aims To determine if GBS is still one of the main causes of neonatal infection To identify other pathogens that can cause neonatal infection

3. Objectives Select an appropriate paper from the literature Discuss the paper’s methodology and findings Look at what this paper adds to our knowledge Should we change our practice?

4. Case 11 day old baby Born at Term ( 40+4) Birth weight of 3.65kg Not gaining weight Good oral intake but mum felt that he was generally more grizzly than usual ( for 3 days) Non Specific symptoms CRP> 200 Received full septic screen, blood cultures negative

5. The Clinical Question PopulationInfants aged 1 week – 3 mths with clinical suspicion of infection InterventionInfants with positive blood cultures ComparisonInfants with negative blood cultures OutcomeSurvival/Morbidity/Hospital Stay Identify the common pathogens DesignCohort study

6. Literature Search Late onset neonatal sepsis Bacteraemia Septic screen Limited search to Neonates and Infant aged < 23 3months Searched Medline, EMBASE and Trip Database Limited to English Language

7. Search Results and Article Selection Multiple articles – mainly regarding the management and diagnostic techniques in infants < 3mths with suspected infection Article selected as: –Most recent –From presentation –In keeping with my case and clinical question regarding pathogens

8. Current Practice In infants < 3 mths Clinical suspicion of infection Low threshold for performing a full septic screen

9. Methodology Cohort Study Retrospective identification of positive blood culture in infants ages between 1 week to < 3mths of age Full Term infants ( >37 weeks gestation) January 1 st 2005 – December 31 st 2009 Diagnosis of bacteraemia ( likely pathogen)

10. Methodology Continued Review of computerised medical records database Contained all blood cultures results of infants ( 1 week- 3mths ) born in study period Term infants > 37 week gestation Baseline characteristics of infants and mothers available Exclusions: those infants with underlying medical conditions Duplicated blood cultures performed within 3 days and not identifying a new pathogen

11. Identified all positive blood cultures Samples collected from OPD, ED and in patient setting Positive blood cultures classified as “likely contaminant” and “potential pathogen” Excluding all blood cutlures from infants with underlying medical conditions Excluded duplicates results from within 3 days of positive result Urine and CSF analysis included if performed within 2 days of blood culture acquisition (only positive results) Event Title If Required (Change Text in Footer)

12. Outcomes Common pathogens in study period attributing to infant infection with a positive blood culture E.Coli, GBS and Staph Aureus Overall Incidence of bacteraemia in infants ( 92/160,818 or 0.57 per 1000 full term births) E. Coli sepsis – more evenly spread incidence through 3 mhs GBS – greater incidence initially Incidence rates compared by age, sex, race

13. Outcomes Continued No cases of Listeria or Neisseria recorded Only infants with E.Coli, GBS or Strep Pneum bacteraemia had concomitant meningitis Event Title If Required (Change Text in Footer)

17. Are the results of the study valid? 1.Did the study address a clearly focused issue? Yes Cleary defined population Outcomes clear 2.Did the authors use an appropriate method to answer their question? Yes Cohort study was an appropriate study

18. Detailed Questions 3.Was the cohort recruited in an acceptable way? Yes 4.Was the exposure accurately measured to minimise bias? Yes

19. Detailed questions continued 5.Was the outcome accurately measured to minimise bias? Can’t Tell Objective measurement (+/-) Excluded some positive blood cultures ( ie. CONS) which may affected end result 6.A. Have the authors identified all important confounding factors? Yes 5.B. Have they taken account of the confounding factors in the design and/or analysis? Yes Comorbidity and illness severity considered, age/gender/time of presentation not found to influence outcome

20. Detailed questions continued 7.A. Was the follow up of subjects complete enough? Unclear 6.B. Was the follow up of subjects long enough? Unclear To answer their outcomes follow-up adequate Longer term morbidity not considered- especially those with bacteraemia, UTI and meningitis

21. 8. What are the results of the study? E.Coli bacteraemia > GBS in this study Infants with E.Coli bacteraemia had higher WCC than controls 9. How precise are the results? IQR provided Overall incidence clearly provided Generally precise Event Title If Required (Change Text in Footer)

22. Results questions 10. Do you believe the results? Yes 11. Can the results be applied locally? Yes Very similar population to that of study 12. Do the results of the study fit with other available evidence? Yes

23. Will the results help us at SCH? What are the implications for further practice? 1)Given the low incidence of bacteraemia in this study, is it possible that we use observation as a tool before we do a full septic workup for infants <3mths 1)Do we need to be more proactive with identifying E.Coli as we are with GBS?

24. Summary and Conclusions GBS isn’t the only organism worth considering when seeing infants < 3 mths with possible infection Overall incidence of bacteraemia in this study is low.