1. Why Fatigue Is Your Worst Enemy Presented by Robert A. Crescenzo Vice President Safety & Loss Control Tel: 1-800-782-8902, ext. 3220 / e-mail bcrescenzo@lancer-ins.com BusCon - Chicago, IL 9/29/10

2. Lancer Insurance Company, 370 West Park Ave., Long Beach, NY 11561 #1-800-782-89022 Fatigue Means Business! #1 Unmanaged Risk The Primary Cause of Most Severe Accidents Responsible for up to 15% of Total Accidents in a Fleet

3. Lancer Insurance Company, 370 West Park Ave., Long Beach, NY 11561 #1-800-782-89023 Fatigue Means Business! Can Equal as Much as 80% of Total Claims Cost Costs up to $0.02 Per Mile for an Average Carrier Reduces Total Revenue by 1-2% Annually

4. Lancer Insurance Company, 370 West Park Ave., Long Beach, NY 11561 #1-800-782-89024 Circadian Rhythms We Are “Programmed” to Sleep at Night and Be Awake During the Day It Is Hard for Most People to Concentrate and Maintain Alertness Between Midnight and 7:00 AM

5. Lancer Insurance Company, 370 West Park Ave., Long Beach, NY 11561 #1-800-782-89025 Circadian Rhythms Difficult to Digest Food During These Hours As the Body Is in “Shut Down” Mode “Post-Lunch Energy Dip” Between 1 & 4 P.M.- Fatigue Is Common

6. Lancer Insurance Company, 370 West Park Ave., Long Beach, NY 11561 #1-800-782-89026 Our Body Wants to Sleep  Between the Hours of 12:00 AM and 7:00 AM  And Between the Hours of 1:00 AM to 4:00 PM

7. Lancer Insurance Company, 370 West Park Ave., Long Beach, NY 11561 #1-800-782-89027 Are You a “Morning Person” or a “Night Owl”?  Not an Old Wives Tale, but a Scientific Fact  Work With Your Body Clock

8. Lancer Insurance Company, 370 West Park Ave., Long Beach, NY 11561 #1-800-782-89028 Ways to Compensate for “Sleep Debt”  Recovery Sleep of 15-18 Hours  Power Naps of 30 Minutes or 90 Minutes  Compensate for Different Levels of Sleep

9. Lancer Insurance Company, 370 West Park Ave., Long Beach, NY 11561 #1-800-782-89029 Driving Implications Are Your Drivers “Day” or “Night” People Different Schedules/Shifts Will Alter Their Sleep Patterns and Cause Fatigue Travel Across Times Zones Also Creates Sleep Changes/Disruption

10. Lancer Insurance Company, 370 West Park Ave., Long Beach, NY 11561 #1-800-782-890210 Driving Implications Irregular Work Schedules Can Lead to : –Lapse in Judgment –Driving Mistakes –Catastrophic Errors

11. Lancer Insurance Company, 370 West Park Ave., Long Beach, NY 11561 #1-800-782-890211 Accidents vs. Time of Day Accident Rate Peaks at 4:30 AM Rises From 9 PM and Increases 5 Times Until 4:30 AM; Declines Again at 8 AM IF YOUR DRIVERS ARE ON THE ROAD BETWEEN 9 PM and 8 AM …..THERE IS A GREATER CHANCE OF A CRASH

12. Lancer Insurance Company, 370 West Park Ave., Long Beach, NY 11561 #1-800-782-890212 How to Predict Future Crashes 1.Any Continuous Driving Between 11pm and 7am on a Regular Basis 2.Any Schedule That Requires Continuous Driving Between 11pm and 7am on the First Night Back After Days off (Night Sleep) 3. Any 10hr Shift That Starts Between 8pm and 2am (Most Sleep Types Will Not Be Able to Get Any Sleep Prior to Leaving Home – Some Larks May Be an Exception)

13. Lancer Insurance Company, 370 West Park Ave., Long Beach, NY 11561 #1-800-782-890213 How to Predict Future Crashes 4.Any Shift That Regularly Starts After 2am Which Are Considered Early Morning or Even Dayshifts (Most People Will Struggle – Larks May Be an Exception) 5.Irregular Daily Shift Start Times Day to Day and Week to Week – the Body Craves Anchor Sleep and Can’t Cope With “Flip Flopping” Schedules (Call Boards)

14. Lancer Insurance Company, 370 West Park Ave., Long Beach, NY 11561 #1-800-782-890214 6.16 Hour Rule: Any Combination of Schedules Where Driving Occurs After 16 Hrs of Sustained Wakefulness (Deadheading Adds to Awake Time but Not On-duty!!) 7.Any Combination of Schedules That Do Not Allow for 2 Periods of Night Sleep (10pm-8am Without Work) After 4 or 5 Periods of Night Driving 8.Multi-day Trips Where a Driver Is Forced to Sleep One Night and Drive the Next – Rapid Flip Flopping How to Predict Future Crashes

15. Lancer Insurance Company, 370 West Park Ave., Long Beach, NY 11561 #1-800-782-890215 How to Predict Future Crashes 9.Any Combination of Schedules That Lead to Extended Mid-shift Breaks (Split Shifts) Where Early Starts and Late Finishes Are Required (Legal but Not Safe) 10.Trips Where a Driver Has to Do an Overnight Run (Schools, Skiing) but Normally Sleeps at Night 11.Any Schedule Where Drivers Have the Opportunity to Use Cruise Control at Night (Reduce Speed Settings or Disconnect on Activation of Driving Lights)

16. Lancer Insurance Company, 370 West Park Ave., Long Beach, NY 11561 #1-800-782-890216 Sleep Disorders Insomnia Difficulty Falling Asleep, Difficulty Staying Asleep, Unrestorative Sleep. Caused by Medical, Emotional Problems, Medication and Drugs Sleep Apnea Repeated Brief Cessation of Breathing During Sleep Accompanied by Loud Snoring and Gasping for Breath. It May Cause You to Wake Hundreds of Times a Night

17. Lancer Insurance Company, 370 West Park Ave., Long Beach, NY 11561 #1-800-782-890217 Sleep Apnea Middle Aged Men Who Experienced Both Snoring and Daytime Sleepiness Were MORE THAN TWICE As Likely to Have On-the-job Accidents 10 Year Study of 2000 Men Age 35-65 Indicated Men With Both Symptoms Had 2.2 Times the Risk for Being Involved in an Accident ( After Controlling for Other Risk Factors)

18. Lancer Insurance Company, 370 West Park Ave., Long Beach, NY 11561 #1-800-782-890218 Sleep Disorders Periodic Limb Movement Disorder Involuntary Movement of Legs and Arms As They Sleep Causing Difficulty Falling and Staying Asleep and Sleepiness While Awake Narcolepsy Sudden Wave of Sleepiness and Fall Asleep Several Times Throughout the Day

19. Lancer Insurance Company, 370 West Park Ave., Long Beach, NY 11561 #1-800-782-890219 Alertness and Fatigue Alertness Level Is Constantly Fluctuating. These Factors Control Your Level of Alertness: –Interest, Opportunity or Sense of Danger –Muscular Activity –Time of Day on Circadian Clock –Sleep Bank Balance –Ingested Nutrients and Chemicals

20. Lancer Insurance Company, 370 West Park Ave., Long Beach, NY 11561 #1-800-782-890220 Alertness and Fatigue These factors control your level of alertness: Environmental Light Temperature Sound Aroma What the driver is doing OFF the job is almost MORE Important than what is done ON the job

21. Lancer Insurance Company, 370 West Park Ave., Long Beach, NY 11561 #1-800-782-890221 Alertness and Fatigue Microsleeps or “Nodding Off”- Brief Episodes of Loss of Attention Associated With Events Such As: –Blank Stare –Head Snapping –Prolonged Eye Closure –These Events Last 2- 30 Seconds and Usually Happen in Pre-Dawn Hours, Mid-Afternoon or After Repetitive Activity

22. Lancer Insurance Company, 370 West Park Ave., Long Beach, NY 11561 #1-800-782-890222 Alertness and Fatigue Unaware of the Event Until Result…Missing an Exit … Swerving …Passing a Red Light…not Noticing a Curve in the Road. 50 % of All Fatal Highway Accidents Are Caused by Drivers Falling Asleep or Nodding off Briefly 80% of Commercial Drivers Have Experienced These Episodes

23. Lancer Insurance Company, 370 West Park Ave., Long Beach, NY 11561 #1-800-782-890223 Alertness and Fatigue 6 Hours or Less of Sleep Makes You: –Impatient –Stressed –Irritable –Depressed –More Likely to Make Mistakes –Impairs Your Work Performance

24. Lancer Insurance Company, 370 West Park Ave., Long Beach, NY 11561 #1-800-782-890224 What Can You Do? EDUCATE Dispatchers and Drivers Assign Drivers Prudently Determine Which Drivers Are Most Likely Able to Manage Night or Early Morning Trips Don’t Assign a Double to a Driver Who Needs Sleep Even If Compliant With Hours of Service

25. Lancer Insurance Company, 370 West Park Ave., Long Beach, NY 11561 #1-800-782-890225 What Can You Do? Be Aware of Drivers’ Off Duty Behavior; Train That Life Away From Work IS Part of the Job Always Have a “Plan B” When a Driver Calls in …But Remember … YOU GET TIRED JUST LIKE THE REST OF US!

26. Lancer Insurance Company, 370 West Park Ave., Long Beach, NY 11561 #1-800-782-890226 What Can the Driver Do? Get at Least 7 hours of Sleep BEFORE Work Exercise Regularly Limit Heavy Meals BEFORE Driving-Avoid Turkey, Nuts and Milk- they make you sleepy Learn Their Body’s Signal Telling Them When They Are Fatigued Stop the Bus for 20 Minutes and Walk Around Limit Caffeine, Use Only When Needed

27. Lancer Insurance Company, 370 West Park Ave., Long Beach, NY 11561 #1-800-782-890227 What Can the Driver Do? Be Careful of Taking Any Medication Chew Gum Open the Window Drink Water Sleep After Arriving at the Destination Schedule Time off to Rest and Relax Stop The Bus And Take A Break!

28. Lancer Insurance Company, 370 West Park Ave., Long Beach, NY 11561 #1-800-782-890228 Resources Log Onto:http://www.circadian.com/ And Review the Site. You Can Sign up for Free Newslettershttp://www.circadian.com/ Log Onto This Site and Take the Quiz! http://www.fmcsa.dot.gov/safetyprogs/fatig ue/fatiguequiz.htm http://www.fmcsa.dot.gov/safetyprogs/fatig ue/fatiguequiz.htm

29. Lancer Insurance Company, 370 West Park Ave., Long Beach, NY 11561 #1-800-782-890229