1. EKG Leads By: Aisha Quadri

2. The Normal Conduction System

3. What is an EKG? The electrocardiogram (EKG) is a representation of the electrical events of the cardiac cycle. Each event has a distinctive waveform, the study of which can lead to greater insight into a patient’s cardiac pathophysiology.

4. Leads Leads are electrodes which measure the difference in electrical potential between either: 1. Two different points on the body (bipolar leads) 2. One point on the body and a virtual reference point with zero electrical potential, located in the center of the heart (unipolar leads)

5. EKG Leads The standard EKG has 12 leads: 3 Standard Limb Leads 3 Augmented Limb Leads 6 Precordial Leads The axis of a particular lead represents the viewpoint from which it looks at the heart.

6. Standard Limb Leads

7. Augmented Limb Leads

8. All Limb Leads

9. Precordial Leads Adapted from: www.numed.co.uk/electrodepl.html

10. Precordial Leads

11. Summary of Leads Limb Leads Precordial Leads Bipolar I, II, III (standard limb leads) - Unipolar aVR, aVL, aVF (augmented limb leads) V 1 -V 6

12. Arrangement of Leads on the EKG

13. Anatomic Groups (Septum)

14. Anatomic Groups (Anterior Wall)

15. Anatomic Groups (Lateral Wall)

16. Anatomic Groups (Inferior Wall)

17. Anatomic Groups (Summary)

18. What types of pathology can we identify and study from EKGs? Arrhythmias Myocardial ischemia and infarction Pericarditis Chamber hypertrophy Drug toxicity (i.e. digoxin and drugs which prolong the QT interval)

19. P,Q,R,S,T Waves NORMAL

20. Reference http://en.ecgpedia.org/wiki/Conduction https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/nursing/practice/resour ces/cardiology/introduction/index.php https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/nursing/practice/resour ces/cardiology/introduction/index.php http://heart-disease.emedtv.com/myocardial- ischemia/myocardial-ischemia.html http://heart-disease.emedtv.com/myocardial- ischemia/myocardial-ischemia.html

21. THANK YOU! =]