1. 1 IGCSE Physics Waves

2. 2 Lesson 8 – TIR and optical fibres Aims: To recall the meaning of critical angle c To recall and use the relationship between critical angle and refractive index: sin c = 1/n To describe the role of total internal reflection in transmitting information along optical fibres and in prisms. To understand the difference between analogue and digital signal s.

3. 3 When light passing out of the glass block its angle increases

4. 4 No more than ninety degrees As soon as the angle of refraction reaches 90, the light can no longer be refracted. What happens to the light? Well the light is reflected back inside the material.

5. 5 Total internal reflection

6. 6 TIR All the light is now reflected back. This effect is called Total Internal Reflection and can occur in many different materials.

7. 7 This angle is called the critical angle (  c).  i >  c Total internal reflection (TIR) Different materials have different critical angles. Diamond has the lowest at 24°, which is why it reflects so much light.  i <  c Refraction  i =  c Critical case The angle at which total internal reflection first occurs is called the critical angle.

8. 8 Start at zero degrees and go up

9. 9 Critical calculations The critical angle for a material depends upon the refractive index. The higher the refractive index, the lower the critical angle. It can be calculated using the following formula: Sin c = 1/n Where: n = Refractive index, c = Critical angle at which TIR first occurs.

10. 10 Critical angle – Example 1 Calculate the critical angle for a glass block of refractive index 1.45 sin (c) = 1 / n sin (c) = 1 / 1.45 sin (c) = 0.69 c = 44º

11. 11 Critical angle – Example 2 Calculate the refractive index of a material where TIR occurs at a critical angle of 37 º sin (c) = 1 / n n = 1 / sin (c) n = 1 / sin (37) n = 1 / 0.60 n = 1.66

12. 12 The greater the refractive index, the smaller the critical angle. MaterialRefractive indexCritical angle Glass Water Diamond 42° 49° 24° 1.5 1.33 2.4 Critical angle – Example 3

13. 13 Using TIR A right angled prism will bend light through 90 . Two of these prisms can be used to produce a periscope.

14. 14 Back the way they came A right angled prism will also bend light through 180 . This idea is used in reflective clothes and signs.

15. 15 Digital and analogue Before we look at a very important use of TIR we need to review digital and analogue signals.

16. 16 Signals Transmitted signals can be either analogue or digital. Analogue signals normally take the form of a continuous waveform like a sine wave. In general analogue signals suffer from interference called ‘noise’ especially if the signal is repeated during transmission. Speech and pictures are analogue signals. Digital signals take the form of binary code either on or off. Digital signals do not suffer from noise even when the signal is regenerated and amplified during transmissions. Morse code is a simple example of binary transmission.

17. 17 What is the difference between a digital signal and an analogue signal? Digital signals can only be in one of two states: 0 or 1. Analogue signals are a continuously changing variable. What do they look like graphically?

18. 18 Digital signals To create our digital signal we use varying voltages to represent one and zero. A positive voltage can be used for zero. A negative voltage can be used for one.

19. 19 Analogue signal

20. 20 Advantages of digital  Signals are clearer and less susceptible to noise.  Can be used quickly by computers.  Carry digital signals using electromagnetic waves, which travel at the speed of light.  Carry much more information.  Digital hardware is much smaller.  Easier to send over long distances. Disadvantages  Digital hardware is expensive at the moment.  Although digital signals are unaffected by electrical interference, they don’t give a complete signal (just lots of samples). Some people feel that analogue vinyl records sound better than digital CDs for this reason. Digital vs. analogue

21. 21 Fibre optics

22. 22 Optical fibres Light is refracted as it enters the fibre. Every time it tries to leave it is reflected back inside.

23. 23 The light is always reflected back into the material and does not escape. Total internal reflection is used to send signals along fibre optic cables for the Internet and TV. TIR in liquids and tubes

24. 24 Optical fibres, used in communication, use TIR. 1.A beam of light enters the optical fibre. 2.It is refracted as it enters the fibre. 3.It travels down the fibre through repeated TIRs. What are the applications of total internal reflection (TIR)? You could be asked to draw on the path of the beam in an exam.

25. 25 Endoscope An endoscope uses total internal reflection to enable a doctor to look deep inside the body. It enables key hole surgery to take place.

26. 26 Fibre optic cable A fibre optic is a very thin piece of glass. It is so thin that once light enters at one end, it can never strike the inside of the glass at an angle less than the critical angle. The light undergoes total internal reflection as it passes along the fibre. Fibre optics have several advantages over normal electrical wires: (1) They can carry much more information than a wire, (2) They do not suffer from static and so give a clearer connection, (3) They have no electrical resistance, (4) They pose no danger of an electric shock if they break.

27. 27 Optical v Electrical OpticalElectrical Information Attenuation Interference Cost Carry moreCarry less LessMore NoYes MoreLess

28. 28 Advantages of Fibre optics Low attenuation (signal loss) of wave means they can go further. Small diameter of fibre for a high capacity channel. Low cost of materials. Cables may be non-conducting so no shocks. High Security, it is hard to listen in on an optical fibre.

29. 29 Disadvantages of Fibre optics Need for additional conducting members in cable when electrical supplies are required for remote terminals. They can be damaged by some ionising radiations. Electrical cables are already in place. Fibres not directly suited to multiple-access use.

30. 30 Fibre optic pictures

31. 31 Summary – TIR and optical fibres When light passes out of a material it can be internally reflected. Refractive index and critical angle are connected by a formula: sin (c) = 1/n Optical fibres are thin pieces of glass or plastic that light can travel through whilst being totally internally reflected. Analogue signals have constantly changing amplitudes, a sine wave or sound wave are examples of analogue signals. Digital signals are either on or off – they have only two values. Digital signals are less effected by noise when regenerated they analogue signals. Digital signals can carry more information than analogue signals.