1. ELAG 2005, Geneva Open Access : Current business models proposed by publishers applied to CERN environment Magaly Bascones Dominguez Associated Information Officer UNHCR –Library bascones@unhcr.ch

2. ELAG 2005, Geneva2 Introduction Reality of OA. Economic issues for authors and institutions.

3. ELAG 2005, Geneva3 OA and CERN The CERN convention adopted in 1953 states: “… the results of its experimental and theoretical work shall be published or otherwise made generally available”. CERN already makes papers available online for free, copyright permitting. Today only 30% of the present article production is not available as OA on the CERN Document Server (CDS) An electronic publishing policy for CERN November 2003 A policy document was issued in order to reinforce the habit of self archiving CERN signs Berlin Declaration May 2004 By signing the declaration the top management of the Organization is actively committed to Open Access CERN confirms commitment to Open Access March 2005 By approving the policy document Continuing CERN action on Open Access the management opened the door for exploring new publishing models, including the “author pays model”Continuing CERN action on Open Access

4. ELAG 2005, Geneva4 Open Access business models OA ModelsMain featuresExamplesDescription Free journal Peer reviewed articles & Journal based context Former JHEP Living Reviews of Solar Physics PNAS (back files) CERN Courier DOAJ Journals No author, reader or subscription fee. Partially free Nature Journal of Physics A (IOP) Selected articles are available free within the subscription model. Per capita country income AIP, IOP, PNASJournal made available to country based on per capita income. Mainly towards emerging countries. Author/Institution fees Springer Open Choice IOP (New journal of Physics) AIP (Chaos, Rev. Sci. Inst., J. Math. Phys.) PNAS OUP PLoS Authors pay to publish.

5. 5 Publisher experiment with their own Open-Access business models Cost Publishers Description Author- pays model Author fee By article IOP – New journal of physics Author/institution pays fees to be published. (573€ in 2004). AIP Author Select (Chaos, Rev. Sci. Inst., J. Math. Phys.) On trial basis in 2005. Author/institution pays fees to be published (1511€ in 2005). Hybrid model Author fee + subscription Springer Open ChoiceThe institution/author pays author fees (2393€ in 2004). The institution pays also a subscription fee which decreases with the number of OA articles published. Author fee + Membership in tier category. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA Author fee is determined by the paid institutional membership fee based on license tier category. Author fee and / or Membership PLoS – Medicine BioMed Central Author fee is determined by the institutional membership category. Author fee + page charges + [membership or print subscription] Oxford University Press (Nucleic Acids Research) Membership = discount for author fee Print subscription= discount for author fee.

6. ELAG 2005, Geneva6 Publishers Open Access business models : Our exercise IOP – New journal of physics an Author – Pays Model applied to CERN Publishing in Journal of High Energy Physics. Springer Open Choice Model a Hybrid Model (Author fee + Subscription) applied to CERN Publishing in Hyperfine Interactions. PLoS – Medicine a Hybrid Model (Author fee + Membership) BioMed Central a Hybrid Model (Author fee or Membership)

7. ELAG 2005, Geneva7 IOP- New Journal of Physics model = an Author – Pays model Author/institution fee 573 € per published article in 2004 See: http://www.iop.org/EJ/journal/-page=extra.9/NJPhttp://www.iop.org/EJ/journal/-page=extra.9/NJP applied to Journal of High Energy Physics An IOP journal IF: 6.854 Subscription fee 2004: 1025€ Total articles published in JHEP by CERN authors (1999-2003) : 248 Total articles published in JHEP (1999-2003) : 3040

8. ELAG 2005, Geneva8 YearTotal articles published in JHEP by CERN authors CERN estimated publication cost Fee is not shared with co-author institutions (Author fee per article: 573€) Fee is shared with co-author institutions (Author fee per article: 573 € ) 200361 34953€14058€ 200250 28650€15489€ 200164 36672€16322€ 200045 25785€14692€ 199928 16044€9849€ IOP- NJP model transposed to JHEP (Subscription fee of JHEP in 2004: 1025€)

9. ELAG 2005, Geneva9 Subscription fee (as defined on Springer website) “Libraries pay subscriptions for subscription-model content. Once a year (usually mid-year) the prices for the next year’s subscriptions are calculated. At that time, Springer will calculate the number of articles published under the traditional model in the previous 12 months. If that number is less than the twelve month period before that, then subscription prices will decrease accordingly. If it has increased, then prices will increase accordingly. In a nutshell: subscription prices are tied to the amount of traditionally published, subscription-model content, with adjustments being reflected in the next year’s subscription prices.” http://www.springeronline.com/sgw/cda/frontpage/0,11855,1-40359-0-0-0,00.html http://www.springeronline.com/sgw/cda/frontpage/0,11855,1-40359-0-0-0,00.html Author fee per article 2393€ (July 2004 price) Springer Open Choice model = Author fee + Subscription fee

10. ELAG 2005, Geneva10 Hyperfine interactions IF = 5.333 2005 subscription fee: 2503€ Total articles published by CERN authors (2000-2003) = 41 Springer Open Choice model applied to Hyperfine Interactions Usage statistics of Hyperfine Interactions: FT downloads 2002-2003 = 618 FT corresponding to CERN authors articles = 226 FT corresponding to Non CERN authors articles = 329 FT corresponding to non-identified authors articles = 63

11. ELAG 2005, Geneva11 Total published articles CERN authors articles CERN estimated publication cost (Author fee per article: 2393€) CERN estimated total cost 200025522 52646€ Publication cost + subscription fee ~ 2503 € (depending on number of articles published under the traditional model in the previous 12 months 200133014 33502€ 20022130---- 20031295 11965€ Springer Open Choice model applied to Hyperfine Interactions (2005 subscription fee of Hyperfine Interactions: 2503€)

12. ELAG 2005, Geneva12 Institutional membership levels See http://www.plos.org/support/instmembership.htmlhttp://www.plos.org/support/instmembership.html Annual membership feesAuthor fees per article Non member 0€1196€ Active member1595€1077€ Participating member3989€957€ Promoting member7979€838€ Sponsoring member19948€718€ Sustaining member39896€598€ Championing member79778€299€ PLoS model = Author fee + Institutional membership

13. ELAG 2005, Geneva13 BioMed Central = Authors’ fee or Institutional membership Membership fee Very small institution (20-500 users)1601 € Small institution (501-1500 users)3203 € Medium size institution (1501-250users)4805 € Large institution (2501-5000 users)6405 € Very large institution (5001-10000 users)8007 € & Page charges by article Between 1220€ (for BCM Journals) and 320€ (independant journal) or + Publication by 0€ fee in all BMC & independant journals Possibility to post an independant journal

14. ELAG 2005, Geneva14 What do we observe so far? –A large variety of models proposed but none of them are convincing. –The costs are very complex to calculate from year to year with many variable parameters, impossible to evaluate a year in advance. –In general, models proposed so far are more expensive than the current subscription model, at least for intensive writers institutions.

15. ELAG 2005, Geneva15 Titles and Impact factorPublishers Total articles published in 2003 Articles published by CERN authors in 2003 European physical journal C (6.162) Springer29154 18.55% JHEP (6.854)IOP80961 7.54% Journal of physics G (1.399)IOP28617 5.94% Nuclear physics B (5.409)Elsevier632111 17.57% Physics letters B (4.298)Elsevier109776 6.93% Physical review D (4.358)AIP197543 2.18% Overview of articles published by CERN authors in HEP journals

16. ELAG 2005, Geneva16 Current OA models applied to CERN Would be favorable to CERN users who would not require individual subscription. Would penalize specialized research institutions like CERN with a large article production. Would benefit ‘intensive readers’ institutions, like military labs. Would benefit small university departments.

17. ELAG 2005, Geneva17 Some open questions: Quality of the articles Practical aspects The ideal model still remains to be defined Some key features : Author’s opinions

18. ELAG 2005, Geneva18 Key features : Author’s opinions Positive aspects of OA : Open access already exists (example : arXiv). Open access aims to disseminate information without barriers Negative aspects of OA : Many of the authors don’t like authors fee model : Not enough money for research projects. This model is not good for a small community of the Particle physics. “Work, write, review and now pay” …too much. Coming back to the past ?… the case of Physical Review.

19. ELAG 2005, Geneva19 Key features : Author’s opinions All agree: Need for peer review to guarantee quality. Authors recognition through publication. Specific experience of CERN authors with OA publication in IOP-NJP: So far, in most cases CERN authors were invited to publish.

20. ELAG 2005, Geneva20 Practical aspects: Copyright…Who retains the Copyright? Author, institution or publisher? Who pays? Authors, research groups, experiments, departments or library budget? Internal decisions : budget distribution departments/groups. Open questions: Quality of science & Practical aspects Quality : Cost of author fee could discourage publishing? Journals under competitive pressure could undermine quality?

21. ELAG 2005, Geneva21 Questions? Thanks!