1. Distribution of a plant parasite on its host: gall distribution on the flowering dogwood, Cornus florida BIOL3060

2. Purpose To determine the distribution of midge galls on dogwood trees and to investigate some environmental factors that might influence distribution. Questions 1) How are the galls distributed spatially? Random vs. clumped vs. uniform 2) Could gall distribution be related to: Size/age of the plant? Nearest neighbor distance? Sunny versus shady microhabitat?

3. Question 2. How can gall distribution be related to: Distance to nearest neighbor?

4. Question 2. How can gall distribution be related to: Tree size? (Older and infirm trees might be more likely to be attacked by the midge parasite).

5. Question 2. How can gall distribution be related to: One habitat being sunny and one being shady? (Warmer environments might be better for midges. Environments with more vigorous trees might affect midge choices).

6. Random Distribution Parasites are randomly distributed within the environment. If midges flew until they “hit” a dogwood haphazardly … Predict: 4020 30 20 10 20 30 40 30 20 30 20 40

7. Even Distribution “Regular”: Organisms are evenly spaced in the environment. Then every tree would have the same number of galls. This would suggest that the parasites are competing for the trees. Predict: 50

8. Clumped Distribution Most trees have few parasites, and some a lot. Typically associated with: – disease outbreaks, tree densities (“contagious”), age Predict: 25 95 25 35 45 95

9. Hypotheses and predictions H 1 Midge galls are like a disease for dogwoods, some are attacked while others are not. prediction: the distribution of galls on dogwoods is clumped. H 2 Gall midges compete for laying sites, and larvae cannot survive if they are too close to each other. prediction: the distribution of galls on dogwoods is regular (even).

10. Task 1. Student’s T-test 1) # galls 2) dbh 3) dnn Also use the excel function TTEST Degrees of Freedom: Df = (n 1 -1) + (n 2 -1) P=0.05

11. Probability Levels for Student ’ s t-Distribution (Two-sided Probability Level) Degrees of Freedom Sample Size Value of p 0.50.20.10.050.01 350.771.642.353.185.84 570.731.482.022.573.36 10120.701.371.812.233.17 15170.691.341.752.132.95 30320.681.311.702.042.75 38400.681.301.692.032.71 40420.681.301.682.022.70 50520.681.301.682.012.68 1001020.681.291.661.982.63 100010020.671.281.651.962.53

12. Task 2. Histogram Use countif statements # galls/ tree # trees in edge habitat # trees in canopy habitat 0-2 3-5 6-8 9-11 12-14 15-17 18-20 21-23 24-26 27-29 30-32 33-35 36-38 39-41

13. Task 3. What is the distribution of galls in the forest? Index of Dispersion (I d )

14. Critical Values of the Chi-Square Distribution For p = 0.05 Degrees of Freedom Lower Upper 103.9418.31 157.2625.00 189.3928.90 1910.1030.14 2010.8531.41 2514.6137.65 3018.4943.77 3522.4749.80 4026.5155.76 4530.6161.66 50 even 34.76 rand 67.51 clump 5538.9673.31 6043.1979.08 6547.4584.82 7051.7490.53 7556.0596.22

15. Task 4. Correlations 1) dbh vs. # galls 2) dnn vs. # galls Degrees of Freedom: Df= (n-2) P=0.05

16. Task 5. Scatter plots (2)

18. Before you leave today: Fill out chart at the end of the lab section. 3 graphs (histogram, 2 correlation plots)

19. Before you leave today: Transfer your data to spreadsheet on TA’s computer.