1. Nitrogen-Doped Carbon
Yu Li

2. Visualizing Individual Nitrogen Dopants in Monolayer Graphene
Liuyan Zhao et al.
Science 333, 999 (2011); DOI: /science

3. Introduction
In monolayer graphene, substitutional doping during growth can be used to alter its electronic properties. Several characterization techniques including x-ray photoemission , Raman spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy have been used to analyze the effect of the doping process in graphene. However, a microscopic understanding of the atomic and low-energy electronic structure induced by the substitutional doping process in monolayer graphene is lacking. We used scanning tunneling microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, x-ray spectroscopy, and first principles calculations to characterize individual nitrogen dopants in monolayer graphene grown on a copper substrate.

4. Raman, XPS, STM of N-doped graphene
Raman spectra taken at pristine and N-doped graphene on a SiO2/Si substrate showing systematic changes in the spectra as a function of doping.
N-doping results in a new peak in the spectrum at eV due
to graphitic N. XAS, x-ray absorption spectroscopy. XPS data showed a higher–binding energy component.
STM image shows the presence of numerous pointlike dopants and occasional clusters of dopants.

5. STM measurements
the graphene-coated substrates were transferred in ambient atmosphere after preparation into an ultra-high–vacuum (UHV), low-temperature instrument that is capable of picometer resolution. The treated copper substrates were degassed in UHV at 350°C.

6. Local electronic structure effect
The local electronic structure around a N dopant also affects the electronic nature of the doped graphene film.
The result indicates that the electronic perturbation
caused by a nitrogen dopant is localized near the dopant atom, which is confirmed in large-area dI/dV maps.
Spectroscopic mapping around a single N dopant

7. Conclusions
Individual nitrogen atoms were incorporated as graphitic dopants, and a fraction of the extra electron on each nitrogen atom was delocalized into the graphene lattice. The electronic structure of nitrogen-doped graphene was strongly modified only within a few lattice spacings of the site of the nitrogen dopant. These findings show that chemical doping is a promising route to achieving high-quality graphene films with a large carrier concentration.

8. N-doped carbon prepared by pyrolysis of dicyandiamide with various MeCl2·xH2O (Me = Co, Fe, and Ni) composites: Effect of type and amount of metal seed on oxygen reduction reactions
Chang Hyuck Choia, Sung Hyeon Parka, Seong Ihl Wooa,b,∗
Applied Catalysis B: Environmental 119– 120 (2012) 123– 131

9. Introduction
Nitrogen doping into carbon alters structural, mechanical, and electrical properties of carbon. In particular, nitrogen doping causes structural deformation of carbon and it increases the n-type conductivity by acting as an electron donor. Although transition metals such as Co and Fe used for synthesizing N-doped carbon do not act as active sites after pyrolysis, they play important roles in the carbonization of feed chemicals or the doping structure of nitrogen into carbon.
The roles of metal seeds and characteristics of N-doped carbon grown on the seeds are discussed. N-doped carbons synthesized from pyrolysis of DCDA with various metal types (MeCl2·xH2O, Me = Co, Fe and Ni) and amounts were characterized to clarify the effects of seed metal on the catalysts used for oxygen reduction reactions.

10. Experimental 300 mL of ethanol,
5 g of DCDA and 1 g of MeCl2·xH2O (Me = Co, Fe,
and Ni and x = 6, 4, and 6, respectively;) were mixed
N-doped carbons were obtained through pyrolysis of homogeneous
mixtures of DCDA and metal precursors
Characterization---
TGA、XRD、TEM、 XPS
EA、Raman、BET
Calculation---
H2O2(%)=200*(IR/N)/(IR/N+ID)
stirring, vaporizing, drying
the mixtures of
DCDA with CoCl2, FeCl2, and NiCl2
Me-DCDA-BA
Me-DCDA-AA

11. Effects of metal types for N-doped carbon
XPS-C1s results of (a) Co-DCDA-AA, (b) Fe DCDA-AA, and (c) Ni-DCDA-AA. Dotted line at eV indicates C-C bonding of the catalysts.
Raman spectroscopy analysis
ID/IG values from Raman spectroscopy and intensities of C-C bonding from XPS-C1s show that sp2-bonding structure in carbon is improved. Co is the most effective metal for constructing ordered carbon structure among Co, Fe and Ni.

12. Effects of metal types for N-doped carbon

13. Effects of metal types for N-doped carbon
H2O2 production yields of the prepared catalysts during ORRs
TGA results of the Me-DCDA-AA (Me = Co, Fe and Ni)

14. Effects of metal amount for N-doped carbon

15. Conclusions
Properties of N-doped carbon including physical and electrochemical
characteristics are varied by used seed metal type and amount.
It is revealed that degree of sp2-carbon structure is affected by the type of seed metal (Co > Fe > Ni), and it determines ORR activity of N-doped carbon.
The amount of metal seed does not change the electrochemical properties significantly including capacitance, ORR activity, and H2O2 production yield, but it was related with the yield of carbonization of DCDA during the pyrolysis.

16. Thanks