1. Section 1 summary: Input specialization Domain specific transduction Fovea Receptive fields Spatial position on the sensory array encodes information Cells also have receptive fields Typically center surround Strictly speaking these don’t have to be round Tuning Specificity of tuning relates to the specificity of the task Narrow tuning: highly specific task Filters/amplifies sensitivity Maps There is an organization of all sensory input Topographic integrity: the physical organization of stimuli on the sensory array is mantained in the CNS From point to point in processing Sensory alignment (feature analyzers) Abstraction Raw sensory input is decomposed into “featural elements” Feature analyzers Featural elements are reassembled into ever more complex representations (perception) Coincidence detection The basis of information processing May require delay lines

2. Lecture 1 Lecture 2 Male cricket reproductive behaviors 3 male song types: Calling Courtship Aggressive *Females don’t sing Intraspecific communication

3. Male crickets produce context specific songs: Calling: attraction of distant females/advertisement of male potential quality Courtship: female/s near male advertises potential quality Aggressive: Male is attempting to establish/maintain territory in the presence of another male Factors that negatively affect male song success (i.e. noise) Intraspecifc competition (males against males) Sympatric noise (closely related species) Nonspecific noise (e.g. cars, trucks, wind) Distance and dampening Intraspecific communication requirements: Sender & receiver share common coding/decoding system Sympatric codes must be unique Intraspecific communication

4. Male Stridulation: Wing anatomy

5. Male Stridulation: Sound production Sound is produced during the wing closing movement Produced by the scraper (or plectrum) rubbing against the file Each ratchet of scraper and file creates one cycle of the sound wave Carrier frequency produced is dependent on the physiology of scraper, file, muscle etc. Carrier frequency is relatively species- specific.

6. One “click” or ratchet = one wave cycle Flexing of harp amplifies signal Harp resonates at the “carrier” frequency Thus the 3 components (scrap, file and harp) have coevolved to produce an amplified species- specific “carrier frequency” signal Male Stridulation: Sound production Resonance frequency amplifies

7. Male Stridulation: “Song anatomy” A number of variables make song species-specific: Carrier frequency Pulse width Chirp shape Chirp rate Inter-chirp-interval (chirp period) Trill length and variability “Envelope”

8. tropical house cricket tropical house cricket (Gryllodes sigillatus) house cricket house cricket (Acheta domesticus) sand field cricket sand field cricket (Gryllus firmus) Male Stridulation: Calls are species-specific

9. Male Stridulation: song production physiology 2 muscles involved in stridulation: M90 (closer) M99 (opener) Systematic delay between motor neuron AP and sound production. Antagonistic activity between M90 and M99 produce the back and forth movement. Movement pattern is specific to call type. The rhythmic movements of stridulation can occur without a head.

10. Male Stridulation: song production neuro-physiology Metathorasic ganglion Mesothorasic ganglion Prothorasic ganglion

11. Meso- and metathorasic cell activity during stridulation head tail Single cell Nerve bundle Single cell Nerve bundle

12. Brain stimulation mediates specific song patterns

13. Brain stimulation produces song that is consistent with normal structure Given stimulation in the same place but at different amplitudes and frequencies you can elicit different song

14. Male Stridulation: stimulation and lesions and song production Lesion experiments: Stridulation occurs in absence of head Song production does not Lesioning meta TG disrupts coordination between L and R wing Lesioning meta and meso TG results in no movement of ipsalateral wing Lesioning meta from meso TG does not affect coordination. Model of song production Meso TG Meta TG Stimulation experiments: As mentioned stimulation of brain (i.e. MB) can elicit song Stimulation of a single descending neuron can elicit song Song type again dependent on stimulation frequency and amplitude Hyper polarization of descending neuron can stop song.