1. Experiment 2: Factors Affecting Drug Action Influence of Route of Administration 2C- Med’12 Subsection 2 Lim, PhoebeLlamas, AlayLorenzo, Adrian Lim, SyndelLlego, NasreenLorilla, Richardson Lipana, KirkLopez, Camille Liu, JohannaLopez-dee, Bernadette

2. Introduction is the fraction of unchanged drug that enters the systemic circulation after its administration. affected by its route of administration Bioavailability period between the time the righting reflex was lost to the time it was regained Duration period between the time of injection to the time the righting reflex was lost Latency ability to maintain and regain an upright position on four legs Righting Reflex

3. Routes of Administration Intravenous drug administration –is the introduction of 100% of the drug into the systemic circulation ensuring that the drug administered is available for distribution to the target site. Intramuscular route of administration – is directed in the muscles where it will be absorbed first before finally reaching the circulation and the target site of action.

4. Introduction Ketamine HCl –is an arylcyclohexylamine chemically related to phencyclidine (PCP) – a drug with a high abuse potential owing to its psychoactive properties. –MA: blocks the membrane effects of the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamic acid at the NMDA receptor subtype.

5. Objectives General: To determine how the route of administration influences the action of ketamine hydrochloride in rabbits. Specific: To determine the dosage of ketamine hydrochloride to be administered to each rabbit by obtaining the weights (kg) of each animal. To determine the latency (sec) and duration of action of Ketamine Hydrochloride injection when administered intravenously. To determine the latency (sec) and duration of action of Ketamine Hydrochloride injection when administered intramuscularly.

6. Objectives Specific: To compare the latency and duration of action of Ketamine Hydrochloride injection when administered intravenously and intramuscularly. To evaluate data obtained by using appropriate statistical test. To statistically compare and determine any significant difference between the latencies of ketamine hydrochloride in the IV and IM administration via the paired T-test. To statistically compare and determine if there was a significant difference between the durations of effect of ketamine hydrochloride in the IV and IM group via the paired T-test.

7. Hypothesis 1 st Hypothesis (Latency) Null Hypothesis1: There is no significant difference between the latency (in sec.) observed with an intravenous injection and an intramuscular injection Alternative Hypothesis1: There is a significant difference between the latency (in sec.) observed with an intravenous injection and an intramuscular injection

8. Hypothesis 1 st Hypothesis (Duration of Action) Null Hypothesis1: There is no significant difference between the duration (in sec.) observed with an intravenous injection and an intramuscular injection Alternative Hypothesis1: There is a significant difference between the duration (in sec.) observed with an intravenous injection and an intramuscular injection

9. Methodology A B C D The time the righting reflex was lost and regained was recorded and unpaired T-test was done for detecting significance of the results Rabbits C & D were injected intramuscularly with Ketamine HCl at the lateral thigh muscles Rabbit A & B were injected intravenously with Ketamine HCl at the central artery of the ear Dosage for Ketamine HCl was computed Dosage= (weight of rabbit)(1ml/kg)(1ml/50mg) Four rabbits are weighed and labelled accordingly IV – rabbits A & BIM- rabbits C & D