1. Naval strategist and historian Wrote The Influence of Sea Power upon History, 1660- 1783 Emphasized importance of sea power Influenced growth of the U.S. Navy

2. 1. Build a strong navy (cause that’s what strong empires in the past had and it’s a good way for us to protect our trade) 2. Take over territory, especially ones that can be used as “fueling” stations for our ships. 3. Build a canal that would allow U.S. ships to avoid going around South America to get to Asia

3. A powerful Navy is essential to protect trade routes…Hawaii would be an important naval base in the Pacific. Admiral Alfred T. Mahan, U.S. Navy

4. Missionary = a person sent by a church into an area to carry on spread the word of God or for other activities, as educational or hospital work.

5. 1820s American whalers, traders and Christian missionaries began to visit and settle there Americans (a small minority) began to own much of the land, which they turned into sugar-cane plantation

6. Native population dropped sharply because of smallpox that came with American “immigrants” Sugar planters imported Chinese and Japanese contract laborers

7. 1840, American advisors helped King Kamehameha III write Hawaii’s first constitution U.S. and Hawaii signed trade agreements which allow exporting sugar to the U.S. Hawaii agreed to permit the U.S. to lease a naval station at Pearl Harbor

8. Americans (both U.S. citizens and those born in Hawaii of American parents) resented living under the Hawaiian monarchy Since they then owned 2/3 of the land and paid the majority of taxes, they wanted a greater say in the government

9. 1887, a group of armed Americans forced King Kalakaua to agree to a new constitution that weakened his power. The new constitution had property requirements for voting that disenfranchised about 75% of the natives

10. 1891, King Kalakaua’s sister, began Queen Liliuokalani 1893, Queen announced her intention to proclaim a new constitution on her own authority

11. A group of about a dozen Americans plotted to overthrow the monarchy January 16, 1893, U.S. diplomatic representative in Honolulu, John Stevens, asked the U.S. Navy “to protect the life and property of American citizens.” John Stevens: a “diplomat”?

12. “The Hawaiian pear is fully ripe and this is the golden hour for the United States to pluck it.” John Stevens: a “diplomat”?

13. Four boatloads of marines from an American warship in the harbor came ashore and surrounded the royal palace.

14. Stevens recognized the new government that the revolutionaries had formed

15. The revolutionaries appointed Sanford Dole, the son of American missionary parents and a Hawaiian Supreme Court justice, to head the new government

16. Dole and a few hundred supporters went to the palace to demand the queen’s surrender. With nearly 200 American troops nearby, Queen Liliuokalani surrendered under protest “I yield to the superior force of the United States of America.”

17. I, Liliuokalani,… do hereby solemnly protest against any and all acts done against myself and the constitutional government of the Hawaiian Kingdom…Now, to avoid any collision of armed forces and perhaps the loss of life, I do under this protest…yield my authority…

18. annexation = attaching or adding a territory to a larger existing territory

19. The new government asked the U.S. Congress to “annex” Hawaii as a U.S. territory President Cleveland appointed investigator to look into it. The investigator blamed Stevens for the revolution, so Cleveland ordered the queen to be restored to her throne. Dole refused to surrender power In 1897, McKinley became president. He favored annexation. August 12, 1898 Congress proclaimed Hawaii an American territory. (Native Hawaiian did not vote.)

21. Hawaii is the central point of the North Pacific. It is in, or near to, the direct track of commerce from all Atlantic ports, whether American or European….It is the key to the whole system….In the possession of the United States it will give us the command of the Pacific. —The San Francisco Evening Bulletin, January 30, 1893