1. Users’ Quality Ratings of Handheld devices: Supervisor: Dr. Gary Burnett Student: Hsin-Wei Chen Investigating the Most Important Sense among Vision, Hearing and Touch Dissertation 2006

2. 11/09/2006Dissertation 2006 Hisin-Wei Chen1 Agenda Introduction Research Background Research Motives Research Purposes Research Process Literature Review User Interface Human-computer Interaction HCI-Human HCI-Technology Methodology Field Experiment Participants Study Equipment Analysis and Discussion Objective Results Subjective Results Conclusion Limitations and Future Study

3. 11/09/2006Dissertation 2006 Hisin-Wei Chen2 Research Background 1 The high-speed growth of technology The great increase in consumers’ needs Mobility Portability Introduction Background Motives Purposes Process Handheld devices Desktops Mobile phones Portability LaptopsPalmtops Handhel d devices Source: Weiss (2002), pp. 3

4. 11/09/2006Dissertation 2006 Hisin-Wei Chen3 Research Background 2 The important information designers need Designers shall try to understand users of products (Norman, 1988). Humans perceives quality through three primary senses: visual, hearing and touch senses (Wickens et al., 1998). Introduction Background Motives Purposes Process

5. 11/09/2006Dissertation 2006 Hisin-Wei Chen4 Research Motives In practice Human perception of quality A better design of product In research Human senses: single and multi-sensory modalities In car switches (Burnett and Irune, 2005) --> Computing devices Introduction Background Motives Purposes Process Visual issues Hearing issues Touch issues

6. 11/09/2006Dissertation 2006 Hisin-Wei Chen5 Research Purposes Observe the current design of handheld devices (Mobile phones). Investigate the relative contribution of three primary senses to the perception of quality. Make suggestions to the manufacturers. Introduction Background Motives Purposes Process

7. 11/09/2006Dissertation 2006 Hisin-Wei Chen6 Research Process 1 Introduction Background Motives Purposes Process Literature Review Observation Literature Review Observation Problems Definition Pilot Experiment Design Pilot Experiment Implementation Pilot Experiment Evaluation 2. Pilot Experiment Conduction 1. Problem Definition Not Accepted Accepted

8. 11/09/2006Dissertation 2006 Hisin-Wei Chen7 Research Process 2 Introduction Background Motives Purposes Process User trials Questionnaire Statistical analyses Conclusion Suggestions Conclusion Suggestions Accepted Experiment Design 3. Experiment conduction 4. Analysis and Discussion 5. Conclusion

9. 11/09/2006Dissertation 2006 Hisin-Wei Chen8 Literature review framework Literature Review User Interface HCI HCI-Human HCI-Tech Interface Interaction-Perception Interface Interaction-Perception Handheld devices Users Input Output HumansTechnology Primary Senses Quality Rating

10. 11/09/2006Dissertation 2006 Hisin-Wei Chen9 Literature review framework Literature Review User Interface HCI HCI-Human HCI-Tech Handheld devices Users Input Output HumansTechnology Primary Senses Quality Rating

11. 11/09/2006Dissertation 2006 Hisin-Wei Chen10 Literature review framework Literature Review User Interface HCI HCI-Human HCI-Tech Handheld devices Users Input Output HumansTechnology Primary Senses Quality Rating

12. 11/09/2006Dissertation 2006 Hisin-Wei Chen11 User Interface 1 Definition of user interface NOT just today’s graphical user interfaces (GUIs) User interface is the way that users achieve their goals with a product in relation to what you do and how a device responds. (Raskin, 2003; Hackos and Redish, 1998) Literature Review User Interface HCI HCI-Human HCI-Tech

13. 11/09/2006Dissertation 2006 Hisin-Wei Chen12 User Interface 2 Types of user interface (Lindholm et al., 2003) Hardware User Interface (Hardware UI) The hardware UI contains the layout of control devices and display screens, snap-on cover mechanism and accessory connectors. Software User Interface (Software UI) The software user interface contains the layout of the menu structures, interaction logic, control key combinations and other system design. Literature Review User Interface HCI HCI-Human HCI-Tech

14. 11/09/2006Dissertation 2006 Hisin-Wei Chen13 Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) 1 Definition of HCI The interaction between humans and computers includes not only the interface between them, but also all interactive objects (Hartson, 1998). HCI is the study of interactions between users and handheld devices, such as mobile phones in this study. Literature Review User Interface HCI HCI-Human HCI-Tech

15. 11/09/2006Dissertation 2006 Hisin-Wei Chen14 Literature Review User Interface HCI HCI-Human HCI-Tech Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) 2 Goals of HCI High Usability Definition of usability The extent to which a product can be used by specified users with effectiveness, efficiency, and satisfaction in a specified context of use. (ISO 9241) --> The scope of human-focued quality High effectiveness High efficiency High satisfaction

16. 11/09/2006Dissertation 2006 Hisin-Wei Chen15 Literature Review User Interface HCI HCI-Human HCI-Tech SENSORY REGISTER SENSORY REGISTER Perception Attention Resource Thought Decision Making Thought Decision Making LONG-TERM MEMORY WORKING MEMORY WORKING MEMORY Response Selection Response Selection Response Execution Response Execution Feedback Stimuli Source: Raskin (2003), pp. 147; Eberts (1994), pp. 166 HCI-Human 1 Generic model of human information processing

17. 11/09/2006Dissertation 2006 Hisin-Wei Chen16 Literature Review User Interface HCI HCI-Human HCI-Tech HCI-Human 2 Three primary senses Vision Vision is the dominant sense that users use when interacting with computers (Sutcliffe, 1995; Johnson et al., 2006). Hearing Vision and touch, can easily dominate the sense of hearing, or even diminish it (Dix, 1998; Riederer, 2001; Guttman et al., 2005). Touch Touch is the most important senses to the perception in in-car switches (Burnett and Irune, 2005).

18. 11/09/2006Dissertation 2006 Hisin-Wei Chen17 Literature Review User Interface HCI HCI-Human HCI-Tech Source: Steenkamp (1990), pp.323 Cues in the environment Intrinsic quality cue beliefs Extrinsic quality cue beliefs Experience quality attribute beliefs Credence quality attribute beliefs Perceived quality Perceived quality Personal and situational factors HCI-Human 3 Quality Perception Process Conceptual Model

19. 11/09/2006Dissertation 2006 Hisin-Wei Chen18 HCI-Technology Handheld devices (Weiss, 2002) Handheld devices are computing and communication devices. Handheld devices are usable and useful held in one person’s hand. Types of handheld devices Mobile phones Pages Personal Digital Assistants (PDAs) Literature Review User Interface HCI HCI-Human HCI-Tech

20. 11/09/2006Dissertation 2006 Hisin-Wei Chen19 Experiments Pilot experiment To avoid unexpected variables affecting the results of the actual experiment. Acquire all of the suggestions and information from the pilot experiment participants. Field experiment Unlike the laboratory experiment, a field experiment would not control all o the other variables precisely. A field experiment could be an effective form of research method for mobile HCI research (Love, 2005). Field experiment Participants Study equipment Methodology

21. 11/09/2006Dissertation 2006 Hisin-Wei Chen20 Participants 1 Field experiment Participants Study equipment Methodology Non-Asian Asian

22. 11/09/2006Dissertation 2006 Hisin-Wei Chen21 Field experiment Participants Study equipment Methodology Non-Asian Asian Participants 2 No.The order of conditions (mobiles in random orders) 1~8Only hearingOnly touchOnly visionAll 9~16Only touchOnly hearingOnly visionAll 17~24Hearing & TouchTouch & VisionHearing & VisionAll 25~32Hearing & TouchHearing & VisionTouch & VisionAll Note: Males and females/ Non-Asian and Asian are distributed in the same ratio.

23. 11/09/2006Dissertation 2006 Hisin-Wei Chen22 Study Equipment 1 Only vision, only hearing, only touch and all senses Field experiment Participants Study equipment Methodology

24. 11/09/2006Dissertation 2006 Hisin-Wei Chen23 Study Equipment 2 No vision, no hearing, no touch and all senses Field experiment Participants Study equipment Methodology

25. 11/09/2006Dissertation 2006 Hisin-Wei Chen24 Objective Results 1 Quality mean ratings / preference analysis Mobile phone D is most appealing to participants Vision and touch make most contributions and hearing makes less contribution to the perception of quality. Correlation analysis Vision is the most important sense Hearing is the less important sense Objective results Subjective results Analysis and Discussion

26. 11/09/2006Dissertation 2006 Hisin-Wei Chen25 Objective Results 2 Regression analysis Mobile phone A Only Vision make the most contribution to the perception of quality. Mobile phone D Vision and touch make most contribution to the perception of quality Interesting topic: Why touch also plays important role on perception of quality for mobile phone D? Objective results Subjective results Analysis and Discussion

27. 11/09/2006Dissertation 2006 Hisin-Wei Chen26 Objective Results 3 Objective results Subjective results Analysis and Discussion The keypads

28. 11/09/2006Dissertation 2006 Hisin-Wei Chen27 Subjective Results Why are the important senses for handheld devices (e.g. vision and touch) and for in-car switches (e.g. touch) are different? Emotional issues Capability issues Social issues(Vincent, 2005) Emotional values and capabilities Vision --> Emotional values Touch --> Capabilities Objective results Subjective results Analysis and Discussion

29. 11/09/2006Dissertation 2006 Hisin-Wei Chen28 Conclusion Vision is the most important sense for perceiving the quality of handheld devices. Touch is the second most important sense in the perception of quality. Hearing contributes less to the perception of quality. Conclusion Conclusion Limitations and future study

30. 11/09/2006Dissertation 2006 Hisin-Wei Chen29 Limitations and Future Study Observations The important characteristics of vision and touch Experimental design Laboratory experiment implemented Software user interface included Extrinsic quality cues/ Credence quality attributes included Entities selection Other devices selected (e.g. Pages, PDAs) Conclusion Conclusion Limitations and future study

31. Thank you for your listening!