1. British Literature

2. Influences of “ history of invasion ” on British literature The Romans The Romans The Anglo-Saxons The Anglo-Saxons Germanic language and culture Germanic language and culture The Normans The Normans Mediterranean civilization Mediterranean civilization

3. Anglo-Saxon Chronicle Considered the primary source for English history between the 10th and 12th centuries, the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle also contains earlier examples of prose. This page depicts Charlemagne, king of the Franks in the late 8th century, killing the heathen Saxons.

4. beginnings of English literature appeared in the 7th or 8th century AD beginnings of English literature appeared in the 7th or 8th century AD Bede the Venerable: a monk, the greatest Anglo- Saxon scholar Bede the Venerable: a monk, the greatest Anglo- Saxon scholar Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum (Ecclesiastical History of the English People) Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum (Ecclesiastical History of the English People)

5. Bede translating the Bible

6. Bede ’ s tomb in Durham Cathedral

8. Early Writings (Old English Literature) Old English Poetry Old English Poetry Beowulf, the most notable example of the earliest English poetry Beowulf, the most notable example of the earliest English poetry the language of Beowulf — the source of modern English (Old English) the language of Beowulf — the source of modern English (Old English) national epic national epic oral form oral form an odd blend of Christianity and paganism an odd blend of Christianity and paganism

10. Medieval period in English literature The Norman conquest greatly changed English life. Old English language-- “ unlettered ” people the language of the nobility and of the lawcourts-- Norman-French the language of the scholars--Latin

11. Education flourished, and the first universities, Oxford and Cambridge, were founded in the 12th century. Education flourished, and the first universities, Oxford and Cambridge, were founded in the 12th century. During these 300 years there was little literature in the changing English language. During these 300 years there was little literature in the changing English language. mystery and miracle plays, morality plays mystery and miracle plays, morality plays

12. Geoffrey Chaucer Canterbury Tales Geoffrey Chaucer Canterbury Tales the Pearl Poet Sir Gawain and the Green Knight the Pearl Poet Sir Gawain and the Green Knight William Langland The Vision of Piers Plowman William Langland The Vision of Piers Plowman

13. Geoffrey Chaucer (1343-1400) Geoffrey Chaucer (1343-1400)

14. The Canterbury Tales his influence on Shakespeare his influence on Shakespeare

15. Canterbury Pilgrims English writer Geoffrey Chaucer devised the framework of a pilgrimage to Canterbury to create the 12 narratives of differing literary styles that make up his masterpiece, The Canterbury Tales. The Tales are a masterful combination of such medieval genres as courtly love, allegory, and exemplary story, and are related in a dramatic and vivid manner, using both prose and verse forms. This 15th-century illustration shows the pilgrims en route to Canterbury.

16. Legends and Ballads Sir Thomas Malory Le Morte d'Arthur (the main source for later retellings of the stories) Sir Thomas Malory Le Morte d'Arthur (the main source for later retellings of the stories) the creation of the great English and Scottish ballads the creation of the great English and Scottish ballads sung by people at social gatherings sung by people at social gatherings

17. Elizabethan Drama The Renaissance The Renaissance origin origin effects on British literature effects on British literature humanism humanism Elizabethan drama ─ mainstream in British Renaissance period Elizabethan drama ─ mainstream in British Renaissance period

18. The Renaissance in English Literature Renaissance ( “ rebirth ” ): intellectual movement in 15th century Western Europe, referring especially to the revival of ancient Greek learning. Renaissance ( “ rebirth ” ): intellectual movement in 15th century Western Europe, referring especially to the revival of ancient Greek learning. For centuries scholars in Italy, Spain, and elsewhere had been translating the ancient works into Latin. This spread of ancient learning kindled a new spirit of inquiry and hastened the overthrow of feudal institutions. For centuries scholars in Italy, Spain, and elsewhere had been translating the ancient works into Latin. This spread of ancient learning kindled a new spirit of inquiry and hastened the overthrow of feudal institutions.

19. In England the Renaissance coincided roughly with the reigns of the Tudor rulers Henry VIII, Edward VI, Mary I, and Elizabeth I. Under Elizabeth's brilliant rule England became a world power. In England the Renaissance coincided roughly with the reigns of the Tudor rulers Henry VIII, Edward VI, Mary I, and Elizabeth I. Under Elizabeth's brilliant rule England became a world power.

20. English Renaissance Poets English Renaissance Poets Christopher Marlowe, Edmund Spenser, and William Shakespeare Christopher Marlowe, Edmund Spenser, and William Shakespeare

21. Christopher Marlowe (1564-1593) Detail of a portrait thought to be of Christopher Marlowe, dated 1585.

22. Personal experiences Personal experiences Tamburlaine (1587?); Doctor Faustus (1588?)

23. William Shakespeare (1564-1616) Personal experiences Personal experiences April 23 April 23 Stratford-on-Avon Stratford-on-Avon families families actor & playwright actor & playwright William Shakespeare, detail of an oil painting attributed to John Taylor, c. 1610. The portrait is called the “ Chandos Shakespeare ” because it once belonged to the duke of Chandos

24. Birthplace of William Shakespeare, Stratford- upon-Avon, Warwickshire, England

26. Royal Shakespeare Theatre, Stratford-upon-Avon, Warwickshire

27. William Shakespeare, great genius of the Elizabethan Age William Shakespeare, great genius of the Elizabethan Age 35 plays, 154 sonnets and 2 narrative poems 35 plays, 154 sonnets and 2 narrative poems Shakespeare had a genius for telling a story. Shakespeare had a genius for telling a story. Shakespeare surpassed even Chaucer in creating character. Shakespeare surpassed even Chaucer in creating character. Shakespeare was able to use words brilliantly. Shakespeare was able to use words brilliantly.

28. Writings Writings 1591-1611 ─ the prime of his dramatic career 1591-1611 ─ the prime of his dramatic career The Comedy of Errors The Comedy of Errors The Two Gentleman of Verona The Two Gentleman of Verona The Taming of the Shrew The Taming of the Shrew Love ’ s Labor ’ s Lost Love ’ s Labor ’ s Lost

29. The Merchant of Venice The Merchant of Venice A Midsummer Night ’ s Dream A Midsummer Night ’ s Dream As You Like It As You Like It The Merry Wives of Windsor The Merry Wives of Windsor Romeo and Juliet Romeo and Juliet

30. All ’ s Well that Ends Well All ’ s Well that Ends Well Measure for Measure Measure for Measure

31. Four Great Tragedies Four Great Tragedies Hamlet Hamlet Othello Othello King Lear King Lear Macbeth Macbeth

32. “ To be or not to be, ” from Hamlet; “ All the world's a stage, ” from As You Like It; “ The quality of mercy is not strained, ” from The Merchant of Venice. No one in all history has had a greater command of the right word, the unforgettable phrase, or the sentence that strikes straight to the heart of the truth. No one in all history has had a greater command of the right word, the unforgettable phrase, or the sentence that strikes straight to the heart of the truth.

33. Globe Theater, London

35. The 17th Century The King James Bible The King James Bible published in 1611, known as the Authorized Version published in 1611, known as the Authorized Version the most influential book in the history of English civilization, a model of writing for generations of English-speaking people the most influential book in the history of English civilization, a model of writing for generations of English-speaking people

37. Changing Mood in the 17th Century Changing Mood in the 17th Century age of transition / age of revolution age of transition / age of revolution glowing enthusiasm gave way to a cool, scientific attitude, to a spirit that studied small details rather than large generalizations and looked to the world of fact more than to that of the imagination. Exploration on the grand scale gave way to exploitation of the discoveries and to colonization and trade, activities that helped the mercantile class to wealth and power late in the century. glowing enthusiasm gave way to a cool, scientific attitude, to a spirit that studied small details rather than large generalizations and looked to the world of fact more than to that of the imagination. Exploration on the grand scale gave way to exploitation of the discoveries and to colonization and trade, activities that helped the mercantile class to wealth and power late in the century.

38. 17th-Century Prose 17th-Century Prose Sir Francis Bacon: Essays Sir Francis Bacon: Essays The Novum Organum The Novum Organum The New Atlantis The New Atlantis John Bunyan: The Pilgrim's Progress (1678) prose masterpiece of the century John Bunyan: The Pilgrim's Progress (1678) prose masterpiece of the century

39. Milton — Puritan Poet Milton — Puritan Poet John Milton, a Puritan who served Cromwell as Latin secretary John Milton, a Puritan who served Cromwell as Latin secretary L'Allegro (1645) and Il Penseroso (1645) L'Allegro (1645) and Il Penseroso (1645) Paradise Lost (1667) Paradise Lost (1667) Paradise Regained (1671) (sequel to Paradise Lost) Paradise Regained (1671) (sequel to Paradise Lost) Samson Agonistes (1671) Milton's allegorical description of himself Samson Agonistes (1671) Milton's allegorical description of himself

40. The 18th Century — Age of Reason most striking quality of the 18th century: its optimism most striking quality of the 18th century: its optimism the period in literature often described as neoclassic the period in literature often described as neoclassic Age of Enlightenment Age of Enlightenment Daniel Defoe: Robinson Crusoe (1719) Daniel Defoe: Robinson Crusoe (1719) The Review (1704 – 13) (newspaper) The Review (1704 – 13) (newspaper) Moll Flanders (1722) Moll Flanders (1722)

41. Jonathan Swift

42. Swift — Scornful Prose Genius Swift — Scornful Prose Genius one of the great prose writers of all time one of the great prose writers of all time A Modest Proposal (1729) A Modest Proposal (1729) Gulliver's Travels (1726) a satire on human folly and stupidity Gulliver's Travels (1726) a satire on human folly and stupidity His literary style has all the 18th-century virtues at their best. His literary style has all the 18th-century virtues at their best.

43. Alexander Pope: the most quoted poet in English literature except for Shakespeare Alexander Pope: the most quoted poet in English literature except for Shakespeare Alexander Pope English poet Alexander Pope is known for the brilliant verse and stinging satire he wrote during the early and mid-18th century. Pope emulated the classical style of the poets of antiquity and further developed the poetic form known as the heroic couplet. He first earned fame with the work An Essay on Criticism (1711), in which he wrote the now famous line, “ To err is human, to forgive divine. ”

44. The Romantic Movement in England the 1st third of the 19th century the 1st third of the 19th century The forerunners of the Romanticists argued that humans are naturally good; society makes them bad. If the social world could be changed, all men might be happier. The Romanticists believed that all people are kin and deserve the treatment to which human beings are by nature entitled. Every person has a right to life, liberty, and equal opportunity. These ideas had been well stated in the American Declaration of Independence. They believed in democracy, humanity, and the possibility of achieving a better world. The forerunners of the Romanticists argued that humans are naturally good; society makes them bad. If the social world could be changed, all men might be happier. The Romanticists believed that all people are kin and deserve the treatment to which human beings are by nature entitled. Every person has a right to life, liberty, and equal opportunity. These ideas had been well stated in the American Declaration of Independence. They believed in democracy, humanity, and the possibility of achieving a better world.

45. William Wordsworth & William Wordsworth: Lyrical Ballads (1798) William Wordsworth & William Wordsworth: Lyrical Ballads (1798) Samuel Coleridge: Biographia Literaria Samuel Coleridge: Biographia Literaria The Rime of the Ancient Mariner (1798) The Rime of the Ancient Mariner (1798) George Gordon Byron: Manfred, 1817; Cain, 1821 George Gordon Byron: Manfred, 1817; Cain, 1821 Don Juan, 1819 – 24 Don Juan, 1819 – 24 Percy Bysshe Shelley: The Cloud, To a Skylark Percy Bysshe Shelley: The Cloud, To a Skylark Ode to the West Wind Ode to the West Wind John Keats: Ode on a Grecian Urn, 1819 John Keats: Ode on a Grecian Urn, 1819 Ode to a Nightingale, 1819 Ode to a Nightingale, 1819

46. English Literature of the Victorian Age English Literature of the Victorian Age poetry, novel, etc poetry, novel, etc Mary Shelley: Frankenstein (1818) Mary Shelley: Frankenstein (1818) Sir Walter Scott: Waverley, Rob Roy; Sir Walter Scott: Waverley, Rob Roy; The Heart of Midlothian; Ivanhoe The Heart of Midlothian; Ivanhoe

47. Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley

48. Sir Walter Scott, detail of an oil painting by Sir Edwin Henry Landseer, 1824

49. The 19th century novels Romanticism in the 19th century Romanticism in the 19th century Poetry ─ George Gordon Byron (1788-1824) Poetry ─ George Gordon Byron (1788-1824) Percy Bysshe Shelley (1792-1822) Percy Bysshe Shelley (1792-1822) John Keats (1792-1821) John Keats (1792-1821)

50. Percy Bysshe Shelley

51. Lord George Gordon, detail of an engraving from a drawing by R. Bran, 1780

52. Keats, detail of an oil painting by Joseph Severn, 1821

53. Major novelist Major novelist Walter Scott Rob Roy Walter Scott Rob Roy Ivanhoe Ivanhoe Jane Austen Jane Austen Gothic novel Gothic novel Mary Shelley Frankenstein Mary Shelley Frankenstein

54. Jane Austen Personal experiences Personal experiences Works Works Pride and Prejudice Pride and Prejudice

55. Realism in the 19th century Definition of realism Definition of realism Representatives Representatives

56. The Bronte Sisters Charlotte Bronte Charlotte Bronte Jane Eyre Jane Eyre Emily Bronte Emily Bronte The Wuthering Heights The Wuthering Heights Anne Bronte Anne Bronte Agnes Grey Agnes Grey Charlotte Bront ë

57. Emily Brontë

58. Charles Dickens

59. Critical realist Critical realist Personal experiences Personal experiences Writings Writings Hard Times Hard Times A Tale of Two Cities A Tale of Two Cities Great Expectations Great Expectations Oliver Twist Oliver Twist

60. Virginia Woolf Personal experiences Personal experiences Writings Writings Theme Theme

61. English writer Virginia Woolf contributed a great deal to modern literature during the early and mid-20th century by abandoning traditional narrative style and pioneering the use of stream of consciousness. A fervent supporter of women ’ s rights, Woolf considers the difficulties of the woman artist in A Room Of One ’ s Own (1929).