1. Dysautonomia – condition where autonomic nervous system doesn’t work correctly; heart, respiratory, digestion, etc

2. Quiz Time!!!! 1.Why was the “peak” or average form seen as being perfect? How has this ‘view’ changed over time? 2.Why are longer arms an advantage in water polo? 3.Why are shorter arms an advantage in weight lifting? 4. What is “The Big Bang of Body Types”? 5.What else did you find interesting in the reading not covered in the questions

3. Why was the “peak” or average form seen as being perfect? How has this ‘view’ changed over time? Author mentions the track Carl Lewis ran on, any improved technologies you can think of? Examples? What is “The Big Bang of Body Types”? How can ‘we’ alter the gene pool within elite sports but NOT alter the gene pool of humanity? Why are longer arms an advantage in water polo? What is the mechanism causing the length of lower arms in Croatian water polo athletes be getting longer? Is Michael Phelps the ‘greatest’ Olympic swimmer in history, or did he just get “lucky”? Explain.

4. The author provides an argument about the skeleton-to-muscle ratio of 1:5. Do you think there is a limit to this (is there a limit to how big a skeleton can get and the muscle it can hold)? Is the increasing length of forearms in tennis players genetic or environmental? Explain. Do you think it would be possible to pick a ‘body type’ for an Olympic sport who would out compete other athletes with more training? Explain. Some have argued that the rate of increase in sports skills over the last century is too fast to be explained by evolution, and must therefore be due to greater quantities of practice. What is flawed about their argument? During the prime of her competitive career, women’s marathon world record holder Paula Radcliffe won 100% of the marathons she ran in the autumn, but was badly defeated (or was unable to finish) the two marathons she rain in the summer months. Why might this be the case? How did the physical attributes of the summer marathon winners differ from Radcliffe’s? Can you relate these principles to the morphology and niches of other organisms found in the wild?

5. http://animalszooguru.blogspot.co m/2010/11/cheetah-running- pictures-cheetah.html

6. Getting Fast Same ‘design’? rigid back, reduced lower-limb weight (with reduced mobility) VS ‘fluid’ back, mobile, heavy lower limbs ‘Prey’ = reduced weight, increased stride rate Predator = increased mobility, increased stride length Same ‘motivation’?

7. http://animalszooguru.blogspot.co m/2010/11/cheetah-running- pictures-cheetah.html

8. Getting Fast Prey – Herbivores Eat A LOT, heavy… Rigid back for support When do they have to run? Predator – carnivores When do they have to run?

9. This is where you left me What about Jaws? What type of lever? MA? Power or speed? MODEL a both levers of your skull Show me your model and data! Ready… GO!

10. Review Obj 14 and 15

12. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V8vejjVgIHg