1. CSCI 171 Presentation 8 Built-in Functions, Preprocessor Directives, and Macros

2. Built - In Functions C provides many built in functions stdio.h printf scanf math.h pow cos sin For complete list, consult ANSI guide

3. System functions All within stdlib.h file (must be included) exit( ) –terminates execution atexit( ) –performs functions at program termination system( ) –executes operating system commands

4. exit ( ) function Terminates program execution #include void main ( ) { char i; exit(0); printf("Enter a character");//These statements will scanf("%c", &i);//not be executed }

5. exit ( ) function continued If 0 is passed into function it means program executed normally If a nonzero value is passed into function it means program abnormally terminated (used as error code) stdlib.h has two symbolic constanst: –#define EXIT_SUCCESS 0 –#define EXIT_FAILURE 1 can call exit(EXIT_SUCCESS) can call exit(EXIT_FAILURE)

6. exit ( ) function continued exit( ) should only be used for abnormal termination Normal termination should occur after the last line of main is executed

7. Structured use of exit() #include int main(void) { float * x = NULL; x = (float *)malloc(16 * sizeof(float)); if (x == NULL) { printf("\n\n***** Memory allocation error *****"); exit(1); } //Additional program code would be put here return 0; }

8. Unstructured use of exit() #include void main(void) { int option = 0; printf("1. Find length"); printf("\n2. Find volume"); printf("\n3. Find area"); printf("\nPlease select an option: "); scanf("%d", &option); if (option == 1) { /*Code to find length goes here*/ } else if (option == 2) { /*Code to find volume goes here*/ } else if (option == 3) { /*Code to find area goes here*/ } else exit(0); //More code here }

9. atexit ( ) function Specifies one (or more) functions that are automatically executed at termination time Up to 32 functions can be registered in this way Executed in reverse order

10. atexit( ) function continued #include void cleanup(); void cleanupLast(); void main ( ) { char i; atexit(cleanupLast); atexit(cleanup); printf("Enter a character"); scanf("%c", &i); }

11. Sample Program 8.1 #include void message2(); void message1(); int main(void) { int number = 0; atexit(message2); atexit(message1); printf("\nPlease enter the number 2: "); scanf("%d", &number); if (number != 2) exit(0); else printf("You entered the correct number!"); printf("\nYou can follow directions!"); return 0; } void message2() { printf("\nPlease remember to logoff when you are done."); } void message1() { printf("\n\nThank you for using this program."); }

12. system ( ) function Executes operating system commands Example: system(“dir c:\\*.exe /s”); Can execute any command line system(“c:\\winnt\\system32\\notepad.exe”);

13. Sample Program 8.2 #include void main(void) { int option = 0; char keepGoing = 'Y'; do { printf("1. Run the Notepad application"); printf("\n2. Run the Calculator application"); printf("\n3. Display all executable files on the C drive"); printf("\n\nPlease select an option: "); scanf("%d", &option); if (option == 1) system("c:\\windows\\system32\\notepad.exe"); else if (option == 2) system("c:\\windows\\system32\\calc.exe"); else system("dir c:\\*.exe /s"); printf("\nDo you want to run the program again (Y/N)? "); scanf(" %c", &keepGoing); } while (toupper(keepGoing) == 'Y'); }

14. Preprocessor Part of all C compiler packages First component that processes source code Source code changed based on directives –all preprocessor directives begin with # Output - modified source code file –used in next step of compilation –deleted automatically by system

15. #include Imports other files into source code –maybe library functions (stdio.h) use –may be user defined functions use “ ” may have more than one function in file

16. Advantages of #include Structure Portability Conventions: –similar functions grouped in one file –file given descriptive name

17. main.c Main.c is sometimes called the driver –‘drives’ the flow of logic –often does not contain any function definitions –includes functions with #include preprocessor directive –#include “calculate.h”

18. #define Used for substitution macros –substituting values for variables Used for function macros –defining a function ‘on the fly’

19. #define - substitution macro Creates substitution macro #define PI 3.14 area = radius * radius * PI circumference = 2 * radius * PI Changes in source code after precompiling area = radius * radius * 3.14 circumference = 2 * radius * 3.14 Space after constant indicates substitution macro

20. #define - function macro Shorthand for a more complicated operation Arguments not type sensitive Ex: #define HALFOF(value) ((value)/2) printf(“%f”, HALFOF(x + y)); Changes in source code after precompiling printf(“%f”, ((x+y)/2)); No space after function name indicates function macro

21. Other function macro examples #define AVG3(a, b, c) (((a) + (b) + (c)) / 3) #define SMALLER(x, y) ((x) < (y) ? (x) : (y)) #define SUM (x, y, z) ((x) + (y) + (z))

22. Common Errors-function macros Spaces after function macro name –#define SUM (x, y, z) ((x) + (y) + (z)) Forgetting parenthesis –#define AREA(x, y) x*y All parameters must be used –#define SUM(x, y, z) ((x) + (y))

23. Sample Program 8.3 #include #define PRODUCT(x, y) x*y void main(void) { int a = 1, b = 2, c = 3, d = 4, answer = 0; answer = PRODUCT(a, b); printf("The product of %d and %d is: %d", a, b, answer); answer = PRODUCT(a+c, b+d); printf("\n\nThe product of %d and %d is: %d", a+c, b+d, answer); }

24. Macros vs. Functions Macros can be used for simple functions Size of program –Functions exist as a single copy –Macro expanded in code every time it is called Execution efficiency –no overhead to use a macro –overhead required for functions

25. #if and #endif Preprocessor directives controlling conditional compilation –if statement determines if statements executed –#if statement determines if statements compiled #elif, #else work as else if, else

26. Where would #if be used For purposes of CSCI 171 – building function libraries When including files –If file included more than once, code is imported for each time –out of memory –Use #if and ‘defined’ keywords to conditionally include statements for compilation –We will place all prototypes inside the appropriate.h file, and use these keywords –See ‘Process to Create.h and.c function files’ link

27. Function Libraries Files associated with libraries –Header files (filename.h) Include all function prototypes Include all necessary preprocessor directives Are included in the appropriate files via the #include directive –Source code files (filename.c) Include all function definitions Include the corresponding header file via the #include directive Are added to the project via the IDE (instead of being included) Detailed instructions are posted on CSCI 171 web page

28. Example #if #if defined mathfn_h #else #define mathfn_h //Note: no periods can be used here int areaOfSquare(int); int areaOfRectangle(int, int); #endif

29. Not (!) is allowed #if !defined mathfn_h #define mathfn_h int areaOfSquare(int); int areaOfRectangle(int, int); #endif

30. #ifndef directive Most common and structured approach #ifndef mathfn_h #define mathfn_h int areaOfSquare(int); int areaOfRectangle(int, int); #endif

31. #undef Opposite effect of #define #define PI 3.14... #undef PI

32. Sample Program 8.4 View sample program 8.4 Structure the files according to the comments at the top of Program 8.4