1. Lecture 9. Functional Genomics at the Protein Level: Proteomics

2. Functional Genomics: Development and Application of Genome- Wide Experimental Approaches to Assess Gene Function by making use of the information and reagents provided by Structural Genomics

3. Goals of Functional Genomics: 1)DNA 2)RNA 3) Protein 4) Whole organism 5) Society Lander, E. 1996. The New Genomics: Global Views of Biology. Science 274: 536-539.

4. Goals of Proteomics a) monitoring the expression and modification state of all proteins in a cell; comparison of proteomes between cells b i) systematic catalogs of all protein:protein interactions (e.g., yeast two hybrid interactions; protein chips; co--IP; affinity chromatography; resolution of complex mixtures purified from cells) ii) systematic catalogs of biochemical interactions, eg., protein kinase/substrate interactions c) application of structural biochemistry to genomics: classifying proteins by their shapes

5. Why proteomics? 1) Expression of many proteins does not correlate with mRNA levels (in yeast estimated that for 50-60% of proteins there is not a linear correlation between protein expression and mRNA expression) 2) Many proteins are expressed in an inactive form and only activated post-translationally 3) Many proteins function as part of a complex, and mRNA expression will not reveal these interactions

6. Mass Spectrometry is the Key Technology for Proteomics Separates Ions in the Gas Phase Based on mass/charge (m/z) ratio See this web site for detailed information about Mass Spec: http://info.med.yale.edu/wmkeck/ 1. Determining the Proteome of Cells

7. In gel Peptide “fingerprint” OR 2D Gel Electrophoresis is Coupled with One of Two Types of MS

8. Peptide Mixture MALDI (Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization) Mass Spec

9. The Actual Mass Spectrum is Compared to Theoretical Mass Spectrum Predicted for All Proteins in The Genome

10. Peptide Separation Alternative: HPLC Separation of Peptides Compare peptide mass + “sequence tags” to all possible patterns in the database Nanospray Tandem Mass Spec (MS/MS) MS/MS Techniques Can also be Used to Detect Protein Modification (e.g., phosphorylation. acetylation, etc.)

11. PI MW The 2D Gel is limiting: Rare Proteins or Proteins with Extreme PI (or MW) may not be detected

12. Comparing the Proteomes of cells Under Different Conditions

13. 2. Cataloging Protein:Protein Interactions a. Mass Spec to Determine Protein:Protein Interactions Wave of the Future: Determining the Identity of all Proteins in Complicated Mixtures

14. B. High Throughput Assays to Determine Protein:Protein Interaction I: Yeast Two-Hybrid Assay

15. B. High Throughput Assays to Determine Protein:Protein Interaction II: Protein Chips

16. Comparison of Different Media for Protein Chips

17. Protein Chips can also be Used to Study Biochemical reactions: e.g., to Idenitfy Protein Kinase Substrates.

18. C. Fluorescent Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) to Study Protein:Protein Interactions Inside Cells GFP Fluorescence High Throughput Assays can be Developed FRET

19. 3. Application of Structural Biology to Genomics: Predicting Protein Function Based on Protein Shape Conserved Primary Sequences in Protein Family=

20. Conserved Secondary Structure=

21. CONSERVED TERTIARY PROTEIN FOLDING