Download presentation
Presentation is loading. Please wait.
Published bySharlene Mathews Modified over 9 years ago
1
Mexico
2
Social Identity Social/political cleavages: divisions that lead to differences in political behavior (voting, rebellion, etc.) Race, class, gender, ideology, religion, geographic, ethnicity US: one-drop rule and racial identity Barack Obama: is he black? literally African American Latino vs. Hispanic The Irish are "Negroes turned inside out and Negroes are smoked Irish." Mexico: castas (up to 60)
3
Basic types: Peninsulare, Criollo, Indio, Negro Español peninsular + Española peninsular = Criollo Criollo + Criollo = Criollo Español + India = Mestizo Español + Negra = Mulato Negro + India = Zambo Mestizo + India = Cholo Mestizo + Española = Castizo Mulato + Española = Morisco Español + Morisca = Albino Negro + Zamba = Zambo Prieto Peninsulares tiny population intermarriage/miscegenation Spectrum: potentially more mobility Natives still severely oppressed
4
Colonial Mexico Aztec Empire 1519: Cortes Encomienda system: reciprocal relationsip (labor for welfare, assimilation, Christianization)—not slavery Viceroyalty of New Spain (New Mexico to Panama, Caribbean, Philippines) Extractive empire: esp. silver; quinto (royal fifth) Hapsburgs imperial overreach Bourbon Reforms [higher taxes, larger military, tighter control (12 intendente)] + Revolutions (US, F, Haiti) + Napoleon Wars for Independence (1810-1821)
5
Miguel Hidalgo Parish priest Cross-racial/class lines Sept. 16, 1810: “Long live Our Lady of Guadalupe! Death to bad government! Death to the gachupines!” (native Spaniards) massacre peninsulares Hidalgo captured, shot, body mutilated, head displayed
6
Augustin de Iturbide Royalist criollo, turns on viceroy: 1) feels passed over; 2) liberal Spanish 1812 constitution Emperor Iturbide (1821- 1823) Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna de Lebron helps overthrow Federalist Republic (1824-36) Influence by US: separation powers, federalism; abolished slavery Federalists vs. centralists Santa Anna defends constitution against attempted coup and Spanish invasion elected President (1833) retires w/o taking office underling fails 1834 military coup led by Santa Anna
7
Caudilloism Charismatic military leader, populist program, personality cult 1836-55: Santa Anna in and out of office; military victories, economic turn around caretaker gov’t collapse wash, rinse, repeat 1836 Constitution: Seven Laws—centralization, military districts, property reqs for Congress 1835-1836: Texas War for Independence 1846-47: Mexican-American War 1848: Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, Gadsen Purchase Colossus of the North
8
Reform The Reform (based on Enlightenment): Constitution 1857 + Reform Laws—abolish fueros, reduce church property, cut church fees, reaffirmed abolition slavery, secularized education, basic civil liberties War of the Reform: 1858-61 (Mexico’s French Revolution) Liberals win financial crisis moratorium foreign debt payments S+B+F invade 1863: French send/conservative invite Emperor Maximilian Supported Mexican nationalism, liberal, doomed (executed by Juarez + republicans 1867)
9
Benito Juarez Restoration (1867-76): liberal republicans; improved infrastructure, tax restructuring, Rural Defense Force (bandits), communication, mandatory educational system “No reelection” (1857 const.) Jose de la Cruz Porfirio Diaz rebels Juarez’s presidency: Washington Lerdo (continues Juarez reforms) seeks reelection Diaz rebels again “Porfiriato”
10
Porfirian Modernization Mercantilism: gov’t directed economic growth; export driven (China, India, Iran) Natural resource exploitation, cheap labor, foreign capital “import-substitution industrialization”: tariffs, subsidies unemployment, income inequality, loss of ejidos (communal land holdings) haciendas “order” and “progress” over freedom Putin: “managed democracy” Upheld “no reelection” rule—no contiguous terms (controlled from behind the scenes) 1910 Revolution: Francisco Madero (wealthy liberal), Pancho Villa and Emiliano Zapata (peasants) 1911 Diaz leaves
11
Civil War Madero gov’t Expectations raised too high (esp. land reform) + differing desires revolutionary leaders Zapatista uprising + counter-revolutionaries Victriano Huerta dictatorship (terror + assassinations + bankruptcy) northern coalition + Zapata + Woodrow Wilson (moral diplomacy) 1914: US sailors arrested trespassing, flag, occupation, anti-US backlash Huerta resigns revolutionaries fall into civil war (4 rival gov’ts)
12
Constitution of 1917 Considered one of most radical and comprehensive in modern political history (gets into public policy) Technically 1 st modern socialist constitution, but many liberal concepts from US (federalism, sep powers, bill of rights) Social and labor rights, universal male suffrage, separation church and state (religious groups banned from political activity), equal pay for equal work, right to strike, 8-hour workday, etc. etc. Basis for “corporatism”: power given to groups over certain sectors (labor unions, steel, education, press); influence gov’t policy and supported w/patronage; intended to minimize conflict w/in society and w/gov’t Nationalism: control natural resources ( nationalization oil + PEMEX), explicitly limited foreign ownership of property
13
PRI Civil War not ended until 1920: Alvaro Obregon (rev’y leader) president, Villa finally disarms Next decades, political consolidation under eventual PRI (Institutional Revolutionary Party) Vacillation redistribution and economic growth policies One party (other parties always lose) authoritarian state (effectively unitary under dictatorial President: P controls Senate, which can impeach Governors) Pres. “extra-constitutional” powers: head of Party effectively appoints all “elected” officials (legis, gov, next Pres) Corporatism: para-statal sector (“autonomous” gov’t agencies providing goods + services: e.g. PEMEX (compare Gasprom))
14
Collapse of PRI Mexican Miracle: strong economic growth until 1980s [1970s oil prices overspending, high inflation (100%), over-reliance oil (65% exports 1980), debt] “The Crisis” + immigration Decentralization: nat’l financial crisis + opp. party victories local power + responsibilities (effectively federal) 1988: loss of super-majority (constitutional amendments) 1994: NAFTA “giant sucking sound”; slowing of immigration, then resumes late-1990s (China) 1997: loss simple majority coalition of opposition 2000: open primary for PRI Pres nominee; Vincente Fox (PAN: National Action Party; right/conservative) wins election [but not majority Legis; split w/PRI and PRD (Party of the Democratic Revolution; left/socialist)
Similar presentations
© 2025 SlidePlayer.com Inc.
All rights reserved.