1. Mexico

2. Social Identity  Social/political cleavages: divisions that lead to differences in political behavior (voting, rebellion, etc.)  Race, class, gender, ideology, religion, geographic, ethnicity  US: one-drop rule and racial identity  Barack Obama: is he black? literally African American  Latino vs. Hispanic  The Irish are "Negroes turned inside out and Negroes are smoked Irish."  Mexico: castas (up to 60)

3. Basic types: Peninsulare, Criollo, Indio, Negro  Español peninsular + Española peninsular = Criollo Criollo + Criollo = Criollo Español + India = Mestizo Español + Negra = Mulato Negro + India = Zambo Mestizo + India = Cholo Mestizo + Española = Castizo Mulato + Española = Morisco Español + Morisca = Albino Negro + Zamba = Zambo Prieto  Peninsulares tiny population  intermarriage/miscegenation  Spectrum: potentially more mobility  Natives still severely oppressed

4. Colonial Mexico  Aztec Empire  1519: Cortes  Encomienda system: reciprocal relationsip (labor for welfare, assimilation, Christianization)—not slavery  Viceroyalty of New Spain (New Mexico to Panama, Caribbean, Philippines)  Extractive empire: esp. silver; quinto (royal fifth)  Hapsburgs  imperial overreach  Bourbon Reforms [higher taxes, larger military, tighter control (12 intendente)] + Revolutions (US, F, Haiti) + Napoleon  Wars for Independence (1810-1821)

5. Miguel Hidalgo  Parish priest  Cross-racial/class lines  Sept. 16, 1810: “Long live Our Lady of Guadalupe! Death to bad government! Death to the gachupines!” (native Spaniards)  massacre peninsulares  Hidalgo captured, shot, body mutilated, head displayed

6. Augustin de Iturbide  Royalist criollo, turns on viceroy: 1) feels passed over; 2) liberal Spanish 1812 constitution  Emperor Iturbide (1821- 1823)  Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna de Lebron helps overthrow  Federalist Republic (1824-36)  Influence by US: separation powers, federalism; abolished slavery  Federalists vs. centralists  Santa Anna defends constitution against attempted coup and Spanish invasion  elected President (1833)  retires w/o taking office  underling fails  1834 military coup led by Santa Anna

7. Caudilloism  Charismatic military leader, populist program, personality cult  1836-55: Santa Anna in and out of office; military victories, economic turn around  caretaker gov’t  collapse  wash, rinse, repeat  1836 Constitution: Seven Laws—centralization, military districts, property reqs for Congress  1835-1836: Texas War for Independence  1846-47: Mexican-American War  1848: Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, Gadsen Purchase  Colossus of the North

8. Reform  The Reform (based on Enlightenment): Constitution 1857 + Reform Laws—abolish fueros, reduce church property, cut church fees, reaffirmed abolition slavery, secularized education, basic civil liberties  War of the Reform: 1858-61 (Mexico’s French Revolution)  Liberals win  financial crisis  moratorium foreign debt payments  S+B+F invade  1863: French send/conservative invite Emperor Maximilian  Supported Mexican nationalism, liberal, doomed (executed by Juarez + republicans 1867)

9. Benito Juarez  Restoration (1867-76): liberal republicans; improved infrastructure, tax restructuring, Rural Defense Force (bandits), communication, mandatory educational system  “No reelection” (1857 const.)  Jose de la Cruz Porfirio Diaz rebels  Juarez’s presidency: Washington  Lerdo (continues Juarez reforms)  seeks reelection  Diaz rebels again  “Porfiriato”

10. Porfirian Modernization  Mercantilism: gov’t directed economic growth; export driven (China, India, Iran)  Natural resource exploitation, cheap labor, foreign capital  “import-substitution industrialization”: tariffs, subsidies  unemployment, income inequality, loss of ejidos (communal land holdings)  haciendas  “order” and “progress” over freedom  Putin: “managed democracy”  Upheld “no reelection” rule—no contiguous terms (controlled from behind the scenes)   1910 Revolution: Francisco Madero (wealthy liberal), Pancho Villa and Emiliano Zapata (peasants)  1911 Diaz leaves

11. Civil War  Madero gov’t  Expectations raised too high (esp. land reform) + differing desires revolutionary leaders  Zapatista uprising + counter-revolutionaries  Victriano Huerta dictatorship (terror + assassinations + bankruptcy)  northern coalition + Zapata + Woodrow Wilson (moral diplomacy)  1914: US sailors arrested trespassing, flag, occupation, anti-US backlash  Huerta resigns  revolutionaries fall into civil war (4 rival gov’ts)

12. Constitution of 1917  Considered one of most radical and comprehensive in modern political history (gets into public policy)  Technically 1 st modern socialist constitution, but many liberal concepts from US (federalism, sep powers, bill of rights)  Social and labor rights, universal male suffrage, separation church and state (religious groups banned from political activity), equal pay for equal work, right to strike, 8-hour workday, etc. etc.  Basis for “corporatism”: power given to groups over certain sectors (labor unions, steel, education, press); influence gov’t policy and supported w/patronage; intended to minimize conflict w/in society and w/gov’t  Nationalism: control natural resources (  nationalization oil + PEMEX), explicitly limited foreign ownership of property

13. PRI  Civil War not ended until 1920: Alvaro Obregon (rev’y leader) president, Villa finally disarms  Next decades, political consolidation under eventual PRI (Institutional Revolutionary Party)  Vacillation redistribution and economic growth policies  One party (other parties always lose) authoritarian state (effectively unitary under dictatorial President: P controls Senate, which can impeach Governors)  Pres. “extra-constitutional” powers: head of Party  effectively appoints all “elected” officials (legis, gov, next Pres)  Corporatism: para-statal sector (“autonomous” gov’t agencies providing goods + services: e.g. PEMEX (compare Gasprom))

14. Collapse of PRI  Mexican Miracle: strong economic growth until 1980s [1970s oil prices  overspending, high inflation (100%), over-reliance oil (65% exports 1980), debt]  “The Crisis” + immigration  Decentralization: nat’l financial crisis + opp. party victories  local power + responsibilities (effectively federal)  1988: loss of super-majority (constitutional amendments)  1994: NAFTA  “giant sucking sound”; slowing of immigration, then resumes late-1990s (China)  1997: loss simple majority  coalition of opposition  2000: open primary for PRI Pres nominee; Vincente Fox (PAN: National Action Party; right/conservative) wins election [but not majority Legis; split w/PRI and PRD (Party of the Democratic Revolution; left/socialist)