1. Chapter 4: Control Structures II

2. Chapter Objectives
Learn about repetition (looping) control structures.
Explore how to construct and use counter-controlled, sentinel-controlled, and flag-controlled structures.
Examine break and continue statements.
Discover how to form and use nested control structures.

3. Why is Repetition Needed?
There are many situations in which the same statements need to be executed several times.
Example:
Formulas used to find average grades for students in a class.

4. Repetition while for do…while
Java has three repetition, or looping, structures that let you repeat statements over and over again until certain conditions are met:
while
for
do…while

5. The while Looping (Repetition) Structure
Syntax:
while (expression)
statement
Statements must change value of expression to false.
A loop that continues to execute endlessly is called an infinite loop (expression is always true).

6. The while Looping (Repetition) Structure
Example 5-1
i = 0;
while (i <= 20) {
System.out.print(i + " ");
i = i + 5; }
System.out.println();
Output

7. The while Looping (Repetition) Structure
Typically, while loops are written in the following form:
//initialize the loop control variable(s)
while (expression) //expression tests the LCV { .
//update the loop control variable(s) }

8. Counter-Controlled while Loop
Used when exact number of data or entry pieces is known.
General form:
int N = //value input by user or specified
//in program
int counter = 0;
while (counter < N) { .
counter++; }

9. Counter-Controlled while Loop-Example 5-3
//Counter-controlled while loop import java.util.*; public class CounterControlledWhileLoop { static Scanner console = new Scanner(System.in); public static void main(String[] args) { int limit; //store the number of items //in the list int number; //variable to store the number int sum; //variable to store the sum int counter; //loop control variable System.out.print("Enter the number of " "integers in the list: "); limit = console.nextInt();
System.out.println(); sum = 0;
counter = 0; System.out.println("Enter " + limit+ " integers.");

10. Counter-Controlled while Loop-Example 5-3 (continued)
while (counter < limit) { number = console.nextInt();
sum = sum + number; counter++; } System.out.printf("The sum of the %d " +"numbers = %d%n", limit, sum);
if (counter != 0)
System.out.printf("The average = %d%n",(sum / counter)); else System.out.println("No input."); }
Sample Run:
Enter the number of integers I the list: 4
Enter 4 Integers
The sum of the 4 numbers = 16
The average = 4

11. Sentinel-Controlled while Loop
Used when exact number of entry pieces is unknown, but last entry (special/sentinel value) is known.
General form:
Input the first data item into variable;
while (variable != sentinel) { .
input a data item into variable; }

12. Sentinel-Controlled while Loop Example 5-4
//Sentinel-controlled while loop import java.util.*; public class SentinelControlledWhileLoop { static Scanner console = new Scanner(System.in); static final int SENTINEL = -999; public static void main (String[] args) { int number; //variable to store the number int sum = 0; //variable to store the sum int count = 0; //variable to store the total //numbers read System.out.println("Enter positive integers " "ending with " + SENTINEL);

13. Sentinel-Controlled while Loop Example 5-4 (continued)
number = console.nextInt(); while (number != SENTINEL)
{ sum = sum + number; count++;
number = console.nextInt(); }
System.out.printf("The sum of the %d " "numbers = %d%n", count, sum); if (count != 0) System.out.printf("The average = %d%n",(sum / count)); else System.out.println("No input");
} }

14. Sentinel-Controlled while Loop Example 5-5
//This program converts uppercase letters to their // corresponding telephone digits. //******************************************************** import java.util.*; public class TelephoneDigit { static Scanner input = new Scanner (System.in); public static void main (String[] args) { char letter; String inputMessage; String inputString; String outputMessage; inputMessage = "Program to convert uppercase " "letters to their corresponding " "telephone digits.\n" "To stop the program enter #.\n" "Enter a letter:"; System.out.println(inputMessage);

15. Sentinel-Controlled while Loop Example 5-5 (continued)
letter = input.next().charAt(0);
while (letter != '#' ) { outputMessage = "The letter you entered is: " letter + "\n" "The corresponding telephone " "digit is: ";
if (letter >= 'A' && letter <= 'Z') { switch (letter) { case 'A': case 'B': case 'C': outputMessage = outputMessage+ "2"; break; case 'D': case 'E': case 'F': outputMessage = outputMessage+ "3"; break;

16. Sentinel-Controlled while Loop Example 5-5 (continued)
case 'G': case 'H': case 'I': outputMessage = outputMessage+ "4"; break; case 'J': case 'K': case 'L': outputMessage = outputMessage+ "5"; break;
case 'M': case 'N': case 'O': outputMessage = outputMessage+ "6"; break; case 'P': case 'Q': case 'R': case 'S': outputMessage = outputMessage + "7"; break;

17. Sentinel-Controlled while Loop Example 5-5 (continued)
case 'T': case 'U': case 'V': outputMessage = outputMessage+ "8"; break; case 'W': case 'X': case 'Y': case 'Z': outputMessage = outputMessage+ "9"; } } else outputMessage = outputMessage + "Invalid input";
System.out.println(outputMessage); inputMessage = "Enter another uppercase letter " "to find its corresponding " "telephone digit.\n" "To stop the program enter #.\n" "Enter a letter:"; System.out.println (inputMessage); letter = input.next().charAt(0); }//end while } }

18. Flag-Controlled while Loop
Boolean value used to control loop.
General form:
boolean found = false;
while (!found) { .
if (expression)
found = true; }

19. Flag-Controlled while Loop- Example 5-6
//Guessing the number game.
import java.util.*; public class FlagControlledLoop { static Scanner console = new Scanner(System.in); public static void main (String[] args) { //declare the variables int num; //variable to store the random number int guess; //variable to store the number //guessed by the user boolean done; //boolean variable to control the loop num = (int) (Math.random() * 100);
done = false;

20. Flag-Controlled while Loop- Example 5-6 (continued)
while (!done) {
System.out.print ("Enter an integer greater" " than or equal to 0 and " "less than 100: ");
guess = console.nextInt(); System.out.println();
if (guess == num) { System.out.println("You guessed the " "correct number.");
done = true; }
else if (guess < num)
System.out.println("Your guess is " "lower than " "the number.\n" "Guess again!");
else System.out.println("Your guess is “
+ "higher than " "the number.\n" "Guess again!"); } //end while }

21. While Loop Programming Example: Fibonacci Number
Fibonacci formula for any Fibonacci sequence:
an = an-1 + an-2
Input: First two Fibonacci numbers in sequence, position in sequence of desired Fibonacci number (n).
int previous1 = Fibonacci number 1
int previous2 = Fibonacci number 2
int nthFibonacci = Position of nth Fibonacci number
Output: nth Fibonacci number.

22. While Loop Programming Example: Fibonacci Number
if (nthFibonacci == 1)
current = previous1;
else if (nthFibonacci == 2)
current = previous2;
else {
counter = 3;
while (counter <= nthFibonacci)
current = previous2 + previous1;
previous1 = previous2;
previous2 = current;
counter++; }
Final result found in last value of current.

23. The for Looping (Repetition) Structure
Specialized form of while loop.
Its primary purpose is to simplify the writing of counter-controlled loops. For this reason, the for loop is typically called a counted or indexed for loop. .
Syntax:
for (initial statement; loop condition; update statement)
statement

24. The for Looping (Repetition) Structure
Execution:
Initial statement executes.
Loop condition is evaluated.
If loop condition evaluates to true,
execute for loop statement and
execute update statement.
Repeat step 2 until loop condition is false.

25. The for Looping (Repetition) Structure
Example 5-9
The following for loop prints the first 10 nonnegative integers:
for (i = 0; i < 10; i++)
System.out.print(i + " ");

26. The for Looping (Repetition) Structure
Example 5-10
The following for loop outputs the word Hello and a star (on separate lines) five times:
for (i = 1; i <= 5; i++) {
System.out.println("Hello");
System.out.println("*"); }
2. The following for loop outputs the word Hello five times and the star only once:

27. The for Looping (Repetition) Structure
Does not execute if loop condition is initially false.
Update expression changes value of loop control variable, eventually making it false.
If loop condition is always true, result is an infinite loop.
Infinite loop can be specified by omitting all three control statements.
If loop condition is omitted, it is assumed to be true.
Action of for loop ending in semicolon is empty.

28. For Loop Programming Example: Classify Numbers
Input: N integers (positive, negative, and zeros).
int N = 20; //N easily modified
Output: Number of 0s, number of even integers, number of odd integers.

29. For Loop Programming Example: Classify Numbers (solution)
for (counter = 1; counter <= N; counter++) {
number = console.nextInt();
System.out.print(number + " ");
switch (number % 2)
case 0: evens++;
if (number == 0)
zeros++;
break;
case 1:
case -1: odds++;
} //end switch
} //end for loop

30. The do…while Loop (Repetition) Structure
Syntax: do
statement
while (expression);
Statements are executed first and then expression is evaluated.
Statements are executed at least once and then continued if expression is true.

31. do…while Loop (Post-Test Loop)

32. do…while Loop (Post-Test Loop)
Example :
i = 0 ;
do {
System.out.print(i + “ “ ) ;
i = i + 5 ;
} while ( i <= 30 ) ;
output :

33. break Statements Used to Can be placed within if statement of a loop.
exit early from a loop. (while, for, and do...while)
skip remainder of switch structure.
Can be placed within if statement of a loop.
If condition is met, loop is exited immediately.
After the break statement executes, the program continues to execute with the first statement after the structure

34. break Statements Output 1 2 3 4 Example : int count ;
for ( count = 1 ; count <= 10 ; count ++ )
{ if ( count == 5)
break ;
System.out.print(count + “ ” ); }
Output

35. continue Statements Used in while, for, and do...while structures.
When executed in a loop, the remaining statements in the loop are skipped; proceeds with the next iteration of the loop.
When executed in a while/do…while structure, expression is evaluated immediately after continue statement.
In a for structure, the update statement is executed after the continue statement; the loop condition then executes.

36. continue Statements Output 1 2 3 4 6 7 8 9 10 Example : int count ;
for ( count = 1; count <= 10 ; count ++ )
{ if ( count == 5)
continue;
System.out.print(count + “ ” ); }
Output

37. Nested Control Structures
Provides new power, subtlety, and complexity.
if, if…else, and switch structures can be placed within while loops.
for loops can be found within other for loops.

38. Nested Control Structures (Example 5-18)
for (int i = 1; i <= 5; i++) {
for (int j = 1; j <= i; j++)
System.out.print(" *");
System.out.println(); }
Output: * **
***
****
*****

39. Nested Control Structures (Example 5-19)
//printing a multiplication table
for (i = 1; i <= 5; i++) { for (j = 1; j <= 10; j++) System.out.printf("%3d", i*j); System.out.println(); }
Output

40. Chapter Summary Looping mechanisms: Nested control structures
Counter-controlled while loop
Sentinel-controlled while loop
Flag-controlled while loop
for loop
do…while loop
break statements
continue statements
Nested control structures