1. Conformity and resistance Week 14

2. Folk community “I have been expelled from the folk community”

3. The Nazi folk community More a notion than a reality Idea of an equal community of racial comrades Everyone’s participation Participatory violence Equality defined racially and socially Strong gender components; state interfering with family and private sphere Based on exclusion of those who did not fit in racially and biologically (“non-Aryans,” “asocials,” homosexuals, those sexually “deviant,” criminals, hereditary ill) Eugenics and later annihilation

4. Youth for the Führer ‘Co-ordination’ of education system ‘Politically unreliable’ teachers sacked. Curriculum brought into line with Nazi ideology. Youth Organizations: Deutsches Jungvolk (German Young People, DJ) – Boys aged 10-14. Hitler Jugend (Hitler Youth) – Boys aged 14-18. Jungmädelbund (League of Young Girls) – Girls aged 10-14. Bund Deutscher Mädel (League of German Girls, BDM) – Girls aged 14- 18.

5. Highways and people’s car

6. Ernst Röhm, 1887-1934 With Himmler and Daluege, 1933

7. Heinrich Himmler Reichsführer SS and Chief of Police SS LeibstandarteWaffen SSTotenkopfverbände Ordnungspolizei (order police) Municipal police Sipo Security Police (Heydrich) Kripo Criminal Police Gestapo Secret state police SD Security Service (Heydrich) Foreign intelligence Domestic intelligence Organization of the Nazi Police Apparatus (simplified)

8. Reichsführer-SS Heinrich Himmler (1900-1945) SS-Obergruppenführer Reinhard Heydrich (1904-1942)

9. Organization of the Reich Security Main Office

10. Headquarters of the RSHA and the Gestapo Today the site of the Topography of Terror

11. Concentration camps in Nazi Germany

12. Conformity

13. August Landmesser, 1910-1944

14. Resistance “I want you to know: there were no nameless heroes; it was people, who had names, faces, longing, and hopes, and therefore the pain of even the smallest among them was no lesser than of the first among those whose name we know. I want that they always stay close to you, as friends, as relatives, as yourselves.” Julius Fučík from prison, 1943

15. Else and Otto Hampel, executed April 1943

16. Landmesser and his family

17. Liselotte Herrmann, 1909-1938

18. Foreign relations At first calming other countries, pact with Poland Failed coup in Austria in 1934, turning the country into autocracy Saarland (1935), Rhineland (1936) Rapprochement with Italy: conflict in Ethiopia and Spain Berlin-Rome Axis, 1936: closing ranks with Mussolini Hossbach memorandum, Nov 1937 Japan becomes ally in 1937 Austria annexed in March 1938 Appeasement: Czechoslovakia broken up Sep 38, occupied March 39 Molotov-Ribbentrop pact, August 39 Attack on Poland and beginning of WWII, Sep 1, 1939 Operation Barbarossa: attack on the Soviet Union, June 1941