1. Coarse-to-Fine Efficient Viterbi Parsing Nathan Bodenstab OGI RPE Presentation May 8, 2006

2. 2 Outline What is Natural Language Parsing? Data Driven Parsing Hypergraphs and Parsing Algorithms High Accuracy Parsing Coarse-to-Fine Empirical Results

3. 3 What is Natural Language Parsing? Provides a sentence with syntactic information by hierarchically clustering and labeling its constituents. A constituent is a group of one or more words that function together as a unit.

4. 4 What is Natural Language Parsing? Provides a sentence with syntactic information by hierarchically clustering and labeling its constituents. A constituent is a group of one or more words that function together as a unit.

5. 5 Why Parse Sentences? Syntactic structure is useful in –Speech Recognition –Machine Translation –Language Understanding Word Sense Disambiguation (ex. “bottle”) Question-Answering Document Summarization

6. 6 Outline What is Natural Language Parsing? Data Driven Parsing Hypergraphs and Parsing Algorithms High Accuracy Parsing Coarse-to-Fine Empirical Results

7. 7 Data Driven Parsing Parsing = Grammar + Algorithm Probabilistic Context-Free Grammar P( children=[Determiner, Adjective, Noun] | parent=NounPhrase )

8. 8 Find the maximum likelihood parse tree from all grammatically valid candidates. The probability of a parse tree is the product of all its grammar rule (constituent) probabilities. The number of grammatically valid parse trees increases exponentially with the length of the sentence. Data Driven Parsing

9. 9 Outline What is Natural Language Parsing? Data Driven Parsing Hypergraphs and Parsing Algorithms High Accuracy Parsing Coarse-to-Fine Empirical Results

10. 10 Hypergraphs A directed hypergraph can facilitate dynamic programming (Klein and Manning, 2001). A hyperedge connects a set of tail nodes to a set of head nodes. Standard EdgeHyperedge

11. 11 Hypergraphs

12. 12 The CYK Algorithm Separates the hypergraph into “levels” Exhaustively traverses every hyperedge, level by level

13. 13 The A* Algorithm Maintains a priority queue of traversable hyperedges Traverses best-first until a complete parse tree is found Priority Queue

14. 14 Outline What is Natural Language Parsing? Data Driven Parsing Hypergraphs and Parsing Algorithms High Accuracy Parsing Coarse-to-Fine Empirical Results

15. 15 High(er) Accuracy Parsing Modify the Grammar to include more context (Grand) Parent Annotation (Johnson, 1998) P( children=[Determiner, Adjective, Noun] | parent=NounPhrase, grandParent=Sentence )

16. 16 Increased Search Space Original Grammar Parent Annotated Grammar

17. 17 Increased Search Space Original Grammar Parent Annotated Grammar

18. 18 Increased Search Space Original Grammar Parent Annotated Grammar

19. 19 Increased Search Space Original Grammar Parent Annotated Grammar

20. 20 Increased Search Space Original Grammar Parent Annotated Grammar

21. 21 Grammar Comparison Exact Inference with the CYK algorithm becomes intractable. Most algorithms using Lexical models resort to greedy search strategies. We want to find the globally optimal (Viterbi) parse tree for these high- accuracy models efficiently.

22. 22 Outline What is Natural Language Parsing? Data Driven Parsing Hypergraphs and Parsing Algorithms High Accuracy Parsing Coarse-to-Fine Empirical Results

23. 23 Coarse-to-Fine Efficiently find the optimal parse tree of a large, context-enriched model (Fine) by following hyperedges suggested by solutions of a simpler model (Coarse). To evaluate the feasibility of Coarse-to-Fine, we use –Coarse = WSJ –Fine = Parent

24. 24 Increased Search Space Coarse Grammar Fine Grammar

25. 25 Coarse-to-Fine Build Coarse hypergraph

26. 26 Coarse-to-Fine Choose a Coarse hyperedge

27. 27 Coarse-to-Fine Replace the Coarse hyperedge with Fine hyperedge (modifies probability)

28. 28 Coarse-to-Fine Propagate probability difference

29. 29 Coarse-to-Fine Repeat until optimal parse tree has only Fine hyperedges

30. 30 Upper-Bound Grammar Replacing a Coarse hyperedge with a Fine hyperedge can increase or decrease its probability. Once we have found a parse tree with only Fine hyperedges, how can we be sure it is optimal? Modify the probability of Coarse grammar rules to be an upper- bound on the probability of Fine grammar rules. where N is the set of non-terminals and is a grammar rule.

31. 31 Outline What is Natural Language Parsing? Data Driven Parsing Hypergraphs and Parsing Algorithms High Accuracy Parsing Coarse-to-Fine Empirical Results

32. 32 Results

33. 33 Summary & Future Research Coarse-to-Fine is a new exact inference algorithm to efficiently traverse a large hypergraph space by using the solutions of simpler models. Full probability propagation through the hypergraph hinders computational performance. –Full propagation is not necessary; lower-bound of log 2 (n) operations. Over 95% reduction in search space compared to baseline CYK algorithm. –Should prune even more space with higher-accuracy (Lexical) models.

34. 34 Thanks

35. 35 Choosing a Coarse Hyperedge Top-Down vs. Bottom-Up

36. 36 Top-Down vs. Bottom-Up Top-Down Traverses more hyperedges Hyperedges are closer to the root Requires less propagation (1/2) Bottom-Up Traverses less hyperedges Hyperedges are near the leaves (words) and shared by many trees True probability of trees isn’t know at the beginning of CTF

37. 37 Coarse-to-Fine Motivation Optimal Coarse Tree Optimal Fine Tree