1. Fundamental of Materials Forming
-Brazing, Soldering, Adhesive-Bonding, and Mechanical-Fastening Processes

2. Brazing
Figure (a) Brazing and (b) braze welding operations.

3. Typical Filler Metals for Brazing Various Metals and Alloys

4. Furnace Brazing
Figure An example of furnace brazing: (a) before, (b) after. Note that the filler metal is a shaped wire.

5. Induction Brazing
Figure Schematic illustration of a continuous induction-brazing setup, for increased productivity. Source: ASM International.

6. Joint Designs Used in Brazing
Figure Joint designs commonly used in brazing operations. The clearance between the two parts being brazed is an important factor in joint strength. If the clearance is too small, the molten braze metal will not fully penetrate the interface. If it is too large, there will be insufficient capillary action for the molten metal to fill the interface.

7. Brazing Design
Figure Examples of good and poor design for brazing.

8. Figure (a) Screening or stenciling paste onto a printed circuit board: 1. Schematic illustration of the stenciling process; 2. A section of a typical stencil pattern. (continued)
(a)
Stenciling

9. (b)
Wave Soldering
(c)
Figure 30.6 (continued) (b) Schematic illustration of the wave soldering process. (c) SEM image of wave-soldered joint on surface-mount device.

10. Types of Solders and their Applications

11. Joint Designs Used in Soldering
Figure Joint designs commonly used for soldering. Note that examples (e), (g), (i), and (j) are mechanically joined prior to being soldered, for improved strength. Source: American Welding Society.

12. Typical Properties and Characteristics of Chemically Reactive Structural Adhesives

13. General Properties of Adhesives

14. General Properties of Adhesives

15. Adhesive Peeling Test
Figure Characteristic behavior of (a) brittle and (b) tough adhesives in a peeling test. This test is similar to the peeling of adhesive tape from a solid surface.

16. Joint Designs in Adhesive Bonding
Figure Various joint designs in adhesive bonding. Note that good designs require large contact areas between the members to be joined.

17. Configurations of Adhesively Bonded Joints
Figure Various configurations for adhesively bonded joints: (a) single lap, (b) double lap, (c) scarf, (d) strap.

18. Rivets
Figure Examples of rivets: (a) solid, (b) tubular, (c) split (or bifurcated),
(d) compression.

19. Design Guidelines for Riveting
Figure Design guidelines for riveting. (a) Exposed shank is too long; the result is buckling instead of upsetting. (b) Rivets should be placed sufficiently far from edges to avoid stress concentrations. (c) Joined sections should allow ample clearance for the riveting tools. (d) Section curvature should not interfere with the riveting process. Source: J. G. Bralla.

20. Metal Stitching and a Double-Lock Seam
Figure Various examples of metal stitching.
Figure Stages in forming a double-lock seam.

21. Crimping
Figure Two examples of mechanical joining by crimping.

22. Spring and Snap-In Fasteners
Figure Examples of spring and snap-in fasteners used to facilitate assembly.