1. Ch.14; Sect. 3 STD: 2.4

2.  Grim working conditions in many industries led workers to form unions and stage labor strikes.

3.  Sherman Antitrust Act  Def pg. 473  Government policies had little effect on business  Unbalanced distribution of wealth ▪ Rich were exceedingly rich

4.  Workforce  European immigrants  White Americans from rural areas  Working conditions  10 hr days  Six days a week  No paid vacation  Sweatshops  Cramped workshops in shabby tenement buildings

5.  Lacked the skills to work elsewhere  Needed the jobs to survive

6.  Early organizing  1794: Philadelphia shoemakers formed a trade union to protect their interests  Carpenters, printers, blacksmiths soon followed  National Unions  Knights of Labor ▪ Leader- Terence V. Powderly ▪ Hoped to achieve their ends without strikes by using boycotts and negotiating with employers

7.  Great Railroad strike- 1877  1 st railroad strike  Haymarket Riot- 1886  Haymarket Square in Chicago  Foreign-born unionists blamed  Xenophobia ▪ Fear of foreigners

8.  American Federation of Labor (FAL)-1886  Founder ▪ Samuel Gompers  Blacklists ▪ Lists of people perceived as troublemakers

9.  Homestead Strike- 1892  Carnegie Steel Company ▪ Homestead, Pennsylvania  Workers refused to work faster ▪ Manager tried to lock them out  Pullman Strike-1893  Pullman Company  Union supporter ▪ Eugene V. Debs ▪ Urged members not to work on any trains that included Pullman cars

10.  Critical Thinking  Pg. 476; # 4