1. Cell Membrane Passive Vs Active Transport

2. Cell Unit Outline Diffusion and osmosis Active vs Passive transport Mitosis and meiosis

3. ACOS # 2 Describe cell processes necessary for achieving homeostasis, including active and passive transport, osmosis, diffusion, exocytosis and endosytosis –Identify functions of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids –Compare reactions of plant and animal cells in isotonic, hypotonic and hypertonic solutions

4. ACOS # 2 –Explain how surface area, cell size, temperature, light an pH affect cellular activities –Apply the concept of fluid pressure to biological systems; examples – blood pressure, turgor pressure, bends, strokes

5. ACOS # 2 – Terms Active transport – when the cell must use energy to move substances in or out Bends – decompression sickness; caused by nitrogen gas under pressure Concentration gradient – when there is a greater amount (of molecules) in one place than there is in another

6. ACOS # 2 – Terms Endocytosis – type of active transport when a cell brings large materials inside Exocytosis – type of active transport when cells move materials to the outside Diffusion – type of passive transport when molecule ‘spread out’ Homeostasis – steady state; the process of maintaining correct conditions for life

7. ACOS # 2 – Terms Hypertonic – a concentrated solution Hypotonic – a less concentrated solution Isotonic – two solutions are in equal concentration Osmosis – type of passive transport; when water diffuses down its concentration gradient

8. ACOS # 2 – Terms Passive transport – when the cell can use the energy of the molecules to move materials in or out and not its own energy pH – unit measuring acidity (blood) Surface area – the ratio of outside of a cell compared to the total volume of the cell

9. ACOS # 2 – Terms Stroke – rupture of a blood vessel (usually from high blood pressure) Turgor – pressure created by water in the water vacuole of plant cells

10. Cell Membrane Cell have to move materials in or out What do they move in - ? What do they move out - ? What structure controls what gets in or out?

11. Cell Membrane Controls what materials enter or exit the cell

12. Passive Transport PASSIVE TRANSPORTPASSIVE TRANSPORT – the cell does not have to spend its energy for molecules to get in/out Molecules are in constant motion The energy from the motion may be enough to let some molecules ‘leak’ through the membrane Molecules ‘want’ to ‘spread out’

13. Concentration Gradient Molecules may be closer together in one area than they are in another The difference between the concentration of molecules in one area vs the other area is called a: CONCENTRATION GRADIENTCONCENTRATION GRADIENT

14. Diffusion Diffusion – when molecules move from where they are close together to spread apart CONCENTRATION GRADIENTWhenever there is a CONCENTRATION GRADIENT, molecules will diffuse The molecules will try to spread out Molecules move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

15. Diffusion

16. Types of Passive Transport DiffusionDiffusion – molecules ‘spread out’; move from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration Small molecules diffuse through the membrane easily; oxygencarbon dioxide –Gases like oxygen and carbon dioxide

17. Diffusion CONCENTRATION GRADIENTMolecules move from an area of high concentration into the area of lower concentration “down the CONCENTRATION GRADIENT” OxygenOxygen diffuses into blood cells from the lungs Carbon dioxideCarbon dioxide diffuses from blood to the lungs

18. Alveoli

20. Lots of CO 2 No O 2 Oxygen CO 2 ALVEOLUS

21. Lots of CO 2 No O 2 Oxygen CO 2

22. Lots of CO 2 No O 2 Oxygen CO 2 Oxygen Lots of O 2 ; No CO 2

23. Diffusion In Your Lungs Carbon dioxideDIFFUSES CONCENTRATION GRADIENTCarbon dioxide (CO 2 ) DIFFUSES down its CONCENTRATION GRADIENT out of the red blood cells OxygenDIFFUSES CONCENTRATION GRADIENTOxygen DIFFUSES down its CONCENTRATION GRADIENT into the red blood cells

24. Diffusion In Your Body In your body, all your body cells (muscles, skin, stomach, nerves) produce carbon dioxide and use up oxygen Carbon dioxideCarbon dioxide DIFFUSES out of the body cells and into the blood cells OxygenOxygen DIFFUSES from blood cells into body cells

25. CO 2 Oxygen Smoking prevents diffusion

26. Passive Transport - Diffusion The movement of molecules down a concentration gradient from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration PASSIVE TRANSPORT –A type of PASSIVE TRANSPORT because the molecules have enough energy to move across the membrane

27. Passive Transport - Osmosis A type of diffusion WaterWater molecules move down their concentration gradient from an area where there is more water to the area where there is less water

28. Osmosis solutionCells are a solution of sugars, proteins, minerals, salts, etc. Cells are surrounded by a solution The amount of water in the cell compared to the amount of water outside of the cell is the concentration gradient

29. Solutions Made of two parts: SoluteSolute = substance that gets dissolved; ex. Sugar, salts, minerals; tea, kool-aid SolventSolvent = substance that does the dissolving, usually water CONCENTRATIONThe amount of sugar (solute) in the water is the CONCENTRATION

30. Osmosis Three terms are used to describe the solution inside the cell compared to the solution outside the cell: –Hypertonic –Hypotonic –Isotonic

31. Osmosis HypertonicMOREHypertonic = a solution that has MORE solutes than the other solution. Hyper = higher HypotonicLESSHypotonic = a solution that has LESS solutes than the other solution. Hypo - low IsotonicEQUALIsotonic = solutions that have EQUAL amounts of solutes

32. 1% ISOTONIC

33. 0% The cell is HYPERTONIC HYPOTONIC The solution is HYPOTONIC Water moves from the lower number into the higher number

34. 1% 3% HYPOTONIC The cell is HYPOTONIC HYPERTONIC The solution is HYPERTONIC Water moves from the lower number into the higher number

35. 1% Water always moves from the area of high WATER concentration into the area of low WATER concentration Equilibrium

36. 1% 3% Solution is____________ Size of the cell will… Cell = 1% salts 99% water Solution = 3% salts 97% water

37. 1% 0% Solution is ______________ Cell = 1% salts 99% water Solution – 0% salts 100 % water Cell will ………

38. Osmosis HYPOtonic HYPERtonicWater will move from HYPOtonic into HYPERtonic

39. 1% 3%

40. 1% 2%

41. Hypertonic solution

42. Plasmolysis

43. Hypotonic solution Turgor pressure = water pressure placed on plant cell walls

44. 1% 0%

45. 1%

46. 3%

47. Osmosis

48. 3%3% 1% salt Salt water fish

49. 0% 1% Fresh water fish

50. 0% -freshwater 1% salt

51. 0% salt 0%

52. 3% salt water 1%

53. 3% salt water 3% Osmosis

54. Passive Transport- Facilitated Diffusion Some molecules are too big and need ‘help’ to fit through the membrane –Ex. Glucose A special molecule embedded in the membrane acts as a ‘channel’ to let glucose in INSULININSULIN

55. Insulin Transport protein Insulin Glucose Insulin

56. Insulin Glucose

57. Insulin

58. Insulin

59. Passive Transport: Review no energyCell spends no energy for molecules to move inside 3 types: –Diffusion –Osmosis –Facilitated diffusion

60. Active Transport Energy Cell Has to Use Energy To Move Substances Across The Membrane

61. Active Transport Why does the Cell have to use its own energy? AGAINST 1.Must move particles AGAINST the concentration gradient LARGE 2.Particles are too LARGE

62. Types of Active Transport EndocytosisEndocytosis ExocytosisExocytosis

63. Endocytosis Large particles brought into the cell TOO BIGTOO BIG Cell membrane ‘pinches’ in

64. Endocytosis/Exocytosis

65. Phagocytosis Amoeba

66. Endocytosis

70. Phagocytosis

72. Exocytosis outsideLarge particles are moved to outside of the cell Opposite of endocytosis Two reasons: 1.Excretion 1.Excretion – removal of wastes 2.Secretion INSULIN 2.Secretion – substance used by another cell (INSULIN)

74. Exocytosis

75. Cell Transport: Review PassivePassive Diffusion Osmosis Facilitated diffusion ActiveActive Pumps Endocytosis Exocytosis