2.  Annulus = ring  The nearly 1200 species comprising the phylum Annelida are vermiform.  These animals are soft bodies,  The bodies consist of a series of repeating segments.  The serial repetition of segments is known as metamerism.

3.  The Annelid outer body wall is generally flexible and can play an active role in locomotion.  The thin body wall can serve as a general surface for gas excange.  The cuticle remains permeable to both water and gases (annelids are restiricted to moist environment).

4.  Annelids segments are generally separated from each other to large degree by septa.  Although some wastes are excreted across the general body surface, excretion generally occurs by means os structure called nephridia  This type nephridium is called a metanephridium.  Annelids distributed among three classes: Oligochaeta, Polychaeta and Hirudinea.

5.  Approximatelly 3,500 species are described  Only 6,5% are marine, most are found in freshwater or terrestrial habitats.  This organism become widely used as a biomonitor pollution stress.  Have few cetae without parapodia.  The prostoium have no eyes and tentacles.  Gas exchange is accomplisged by diffusion across a body wall.

6.  Earthworms bury decomposing plant material from the surface, which builds organic constituent of soils.  Burrowing aerates the soil and improves drainage.  "It may be doubted whether there are many other animals which have played so important a part in the history of the world as have these lowly organised creatures.“ Charles Darwin, 1881  “…the intestines of the earth…” Aristotle

7.  Cindy Hale, forest ecologist at Natural Resources Research  Institute at the University of Minnesota-Duluth  Cindy Hale, forest ecologist at Natural Resources Research Institute at the University of Minnesota-Duluth

8.  Gippsland area of Victoria, Australia. Up to 13 feet (4 meters) in length. Rapid movement in the burrows is accompanied by a distinct gurgling sound. Endangered.

11.  Anterior ¼-1/3 contains the differentiated portions of the digestive tract and the reproductive organs

12.  Closed circulatory system  Separation of coelomic fluid and blood. This figure shows capillaries associated with nephridia, presumably for secretory exchanges

13.  Chloragogue tissue  surrounds gut and major blood-vessels “liver- like” in synthesizing fat and glycogen

15. Pheretima

19.  Complex head, followed by repetitive body segments.  Segments usually have appendages called parapodia

20.  Pharynx of some polychaetes is eversible and has mineralized jaws

21.  Ventral view of a polychaete head with jaws visible within the pharynx.

22.  Errantia- the errant polychaetes are active predators, such as Nereis  Sedentaria- the sedentary polychaetes are tubicolous or burrowing forms

25. Choelia Fan worm Acrocircus Portula

26.  Deposit feeders tentacles and mucociliary mechanisms to gather small particles from the substrate  Suspension feeders- ciliated tentacular fans or mucus nets in ventilated burrows to filter food from the water.

29. Tubicolous suspension feeders Sabellids- “feather-duster” worms with crowns of tentacles, tubes constructed of mucus and detritus Serpulids- tentacles like sabellids, but hard calcareous secreted tube, sometimes spiral

34.  Many have sexual stage called an epitoke that is morphologically and behaviorally specialized for sexual reproduction  The epitoke may be produced by metamorphosis, or it may be produced by longitudinal fission (budding).

36.  Eunice viridis, Fiji and Samoa. “Explosive” spawning 1-3 nights each year, usually 7th night after the first full moon following autumnal equinox (siang malam waktunya sama).  Epitokes swims to surface, millions burst/pecah in unison, forming a slurry of eggs and sperm  Local people feast on the raw worms.  Marks the first day of the traditional Samoan year

38.  A spider crab crawling through a colony of Lamellibrachia sp. Tubeworms.

39.  Carnivorous, with oral and caudal suckers used for locomotion and feeding  Not all are bloodsuckers- freshwater leeches that prey on invertebrates are more diverse and common than blood-feeders  There are few marine leeches- they are mainly ectoparasites on fishes, including sharks Use in medicine for bloodletting

42.  In one clade, the females carry the egg cocoon and the juveniles on their ventral body surface.  Includes common Placobdella (turtle leeches)

43.  Medical use in blood-letting  Source of useful proteins, esp. anticoagulants Model system for neurobiologylarge, identifiable neurons, simple motor patterns  Popular sport-fishing bait

44.  1. Anesthetic  2. Vasodilator (histamine-like)  3. Antibiotic properties, useful in the treatment of glaucoma.  4. Anticoagulants/antiproteolytics hirudin, inhibits thrombin (which activates fibrinogen), bdellin, inhibitor of trypsin, plasmin and acrosin, eglin- potent inhibitor of elastase, cathepsin G, chymotrypsin and subtilisin- blocks inflammatory response Decorsin- inhibits platelet aggregation

49. Haemadipsa/Pacet hirudine Haemadipsa