1. Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate

2. Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) is a non-specific test for inflammation.
It is easy to perform, widely available and inexpensive making it a widely used screening test
It is also used a monitoring tool for response to treatment in conditions in which it is raised (tuberculosis, autoimmune diseases etc(

3. Basics: The ESR test is performed in the laboratory by placing anticoagulated blood in an upright tube (Westegren's most often). At the end of an hour of this, the rate of the RBC sedimentation is measured

4. Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR)
Nonspecific test for inflammatory process
anticoagulated blood in calibrated tube; rate of sedimentation of RBCs in 1 hour
normal <15m;<20f; add 10 past age 60

5. Factors affecting the ESR
A-Effect of plasma protein: Increased in the concentration of fibrinogen and Immunoglobulins due to tissue injury will increase rouleaux formtion and hence the rate of sedimentation.plasma albumin retards sedimentation of RBCs.
B-The RBC size and number: The size and number of RBCs that show alterations in their bioconcavity, like spherocyte and sickle cells, usually do not exhibt increase rate, unless there is severe anemia. Increase red cell mass will retard the sedimentation rate e.g. polycythemia.
C-Technical factors § Perpendicularity of sedimentation tube, slight deviations from the absolute. Vertical can increase the result. § Temperature (RT C) higher temperature cause false high results due to reduction in plasma viscosity (direct sun light). § Vibration cans reduce the ESR.

6. Sedimentation Phases The initial lag phase .(10m)
The phase of rapid RBC falling(40m)
The packing phase (10m).

9. Normal value: ESR values tend to rise with age and are generally higher in women. ESR is also elevated in the black population and those with anemia.

11. Referance Range
Adult females 0-20 mm/h Adult males 0-15 mm/hr Children(<10) 0-10 mm/hr

12. Mechanism
ESR is determined by the interaction between factors that promote (fibrinogen) and resist (negative charge of RBCs - that repel each other) sedimentation. Normal RBCs settle slowly as they do not form rouleaux or aggragate together. Instead, they gently repel each other due to the negative charge on their surfaces.
Increased rouleaux formation contributes to high ESR. Rouleaux are stacks of many RBCs that become heavier and sediment faster. Plasma proteins, especially fibrinogen, adhere to the red cell membranes and neutralize the surface negative charges, promoting cell adherence and rouleaux formation

13. Procedure
*** Patient must fasting at least 4 hours before testing. -The blood sample must be mixed with anticoagulant agent in this test. Put 0.4 ml sodium citrate ml blood . OR Put 0.2 ml sodium citrate ml blood Mix gently with out shaking then put in the graded tube and leave it stand vertically on the stand for 1 hour. 2. Read the amount of plasma that appeared without moving it then leave it to the second hour and read another time

14. The aggregated RBCs in the rouleaux formation have a higher ratio of 'mass to surface area' as compared to single RBCs and hence sink faster in plasma.

15. ESR of more than 100 mm/hr is strongly associated with serious underlying disorders like connective tissue disease, infections and malignancies

16. ESR is helpful in diagnosing two specific inflammatory diseases, temporal arteritis and polymyalgia rheumatica.

17. Some conditions with very high ESR >100 mm/hr
Multiple myeloma
Connective tissue disorders - SLE, RA and other autoimmune diseases
Tuberculosis
Malignancies
Severe anemia

18. Drugs such as dextran, methyldopa (Aldomet), oral contraceptives, penicillamine procainamide, theophylline, and vitamin A can increase ESR, while aspirin, cortisone, and quinine may decrease it.

19. Some conditions with low ESR:
Polycythemia
Severe Leukocytosis
Sickle cell disease (anemia)
Hereditary spherocytosis
Congestive cardiac failure
Corticosteroid use
Hypofibrinogenemia

20. Note that sickle cell anemia and spherocytosis have low ESR unlike other anemias. This is due to reduced rouleaux formation owing to the abnormally shaped RBCs in this condition

21. IMPORTANT
Erythrocyte sedimentation rate is a non-specific test and is not diagnostic of any particular disease. It has a high sensitivity but low specificity. Never base a diagnosis solely on an ESR value, either normal or high. Interpretation of the result should always be along with the patient's clinical history, examination findings and results of other tests done.
If high ESR is encountered without any obvious reasons, patient should be reassured and the test repeated after a reasonable amount of time (a couple of months). There is no need to extensively search for an occult disease without repeating it again

22. ESR and C-reactive protein (CRP) are both markers of inflammation.
Generally, ESR does not change as rapidly as does CRP, either at the start of inflammation or as it goes away.
CRP is not affected by as many other factors as is ESR, making it a better marker of inflammation.
However, because ESR is an easily performed test, many doctors still use ESR as an initial test when they think a patient has inflammation.

23. A physician usually orders an ESR test (along with others) to evaluate a patient who has symptoms that suggest polymyalgia rheumatica or temporal arteritis, such as headaches, neck or shoulder pain, pelvic pain, anemia, unexplained weight loss, and joint stiffness. There are many other conditions that can result in a temporary or sustained elevation in the ESR.

24. What do changes in my ESR mean?
The ESR is an indicator in your body. Like pain, it is giving you a warning that something is wrong.
In most cases, the ESR will decrease over time once the underlying inflammation is addressed.
If you have a chronic inflammatory disease, the ESR may fluctuate with the degree of activity your condition.

25. Thank you