1. copyright PMunday 20081 Cleaning it Up: The Role of Culture, Community & Values Pat Munday, PhD Professor of Science & Technology Studies pmunday@mtech.edu http://ecorover.blogspot.com

2. copyright PMunday 20082 America’s Largest Superfund Site

3. copyright PMunday 20083 Montana NRDP Silver Bow Creek (before)

4. copyright PMunday 20084 NRDP Photo Toxic Wasteland

5. copyright PMunday 20085 NRDP Photo Tailings Removal

6. copyright PMunday 20086 NRDP Photo Stream Reconstruction

7. copyright PMunday 20087 M Vincent photo Authentic Restoration

8. copyright PMunday 20088 Timeline of Superfund Process 1980: Superfund (CERCLA, NPL) 1982: Silver Bow Creek studied; NPL 1983-93: in-depth studies; alternatives developed (state as lead agency) 1994: Remedial Investigation/Feasibility Study (up to $87 mill for remedy) 1995: Record of Decision 1999: NRD settlement

9. copyright PMunday 20089 Public Participation: Overview Phase I: “The Fourth Branch” (1982-88) –The Montana Standard (Foote and O’Brien) –U.S. Representative Pat Williams –Inception of “the restoration economy” Phase II: “Thick Democracy,” 1989-2000 –EPA realizes obligation for public participation –Rise & fall of CTEC (“Citizens Technical Environmental Committee”) TAG –Competition with B-SB

10. copyright PMunday 200810 12 43657 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 Estimated Cost (1995 dollars) for Alternative Remedies Proposed Remedy Millions of Dollars

11. copyright PMunday 200811 Key Issues STARS –“Streambank Tailings and Revegetation Studies:” in situ treatment –Reclamation Research Unit, MSU + Schafer & Associates Waste repository –Many small vs. one large regional (Opportunity or Browns Gulch) –Initial ROD: many small repositories…

12. copyright PMunday 200812 Alternatives “Remedies” The Greenway –MERDI (ARCO-funded) –Suspicion of co-option Supported by BLDC, ALDC, BSB Chamber of Commerce, B-SB & A-DL government –Little explicit public support (18/321) ARCO Alternative –Little public support (18/321)

13. copyright PMunday 200813 Support re: “Greenway” Don Peoples, MERDI “…[the proposed alternative] seems unreasonable and dangerous… [It] eliminates the likelihood that ARCO will participate in the building of a greenway.”

14. copyright PMunday 200814 Public Suspicion re: “Greenway” George Waring, CTEC “…the MERDI “Greenway” proposal has introduced an element of major confusion” “…local governments appeared to be basing their non-acceptance of the State’s proposed cleanup mainly on the political activity and all-out public relations campaign undertaken by MERDI and ARCO.”

15. copyright PMunday 200815 Public Participation in ROD CTEC’s public meetings, newsletters 321 total comments STARS: 36 for; 144 against Waste repository: Public comment favored Berkeley Pit/Yankee Doodle Tailings Pond; opposed Brown’s Gulch Majority (174/321) for Alt. 6 or 7 Organizations commenting: 31

16. copyright PMunday 200816 Record of Decision State preferred Alternative 6 Alt. 6 chosen (with initial changes + more w/ NRDP)

17. copyright PMunday 200817 Actor Network Theory

18. copyright PMunday 200818 Actor Network Theory

19. copyright PMunday 200819 Actor Network Theory

20. copyright PMunday 200820 Actor Network Theory

21. copyright PMunday 200821 Actor Network Theory

22. copyright PMunday 200822 Actor Network Theory

23. copyright PMunday 200823 Actor Network Theory

24. copyright PMunday 200824 Actor Network Theory

25. copyright PMunday 200825 Grassroots Alliances CTEC (Butte) CLEJ (Butte)MEIC (Helena) CF-POC (Missoula) MTAC (Missoula) MT-TU (Missoula) TU-WC (Missoula) MTWF (Helena) NWF SSAI (Butte)

26. copyright PMunday 200826 Participation: Culture & Values Usual Frame –Utilitarianism vs. Environmentalism –Utilitarianism as economic, corporate model: “nature” is just another resource to be used as we see fit –Environmentalism: ecocentric, or nature-for-nature’s sake Another Frame: Cultural History & Politics –Butte’s “above/below ground” perspective –Grassroots similar to union solidarity Butte vs. other Superfund sites, e.g. Silver Valley

27. copyright PMunday 200827 The author thanks the National Science Foundation for supporting this work (Award ID 0646731). Questions? America’s largest Superfund site Silver Bow Creek Superfund timeline Public participation—overview Key issues Alternative “remedies” Public participation in ROD Actor Network Theory Participation—culture & values