1. Human Growth and Development: Physical Development
From WOMB to TOMB

2. Understanding Human Development
Development – Continuity and change in human capabilities over a lifespan.
Physical
Cognitive
Social
Emotional

3. Research Methods: Development
Cross Sectional
Study people of different ages at the same point in time
Advantages
Inexpensive
Can be completed quickly
Low attrition
Disadvantages
Different age groups are not necessarily much alike
Differences may be due to cohort differences rather than age

4. Research Methods: Development
Longitudinal
Study the same group of people over time
Advantages
Detailed information about subjects
Developmental changes can be studied in detail
Eliminates cohort differences
Disadvantages
Expensive and time consuming
Potential for high attrition
Differences over time may be due to assessment tools and not age

5. Research Methods: Development
Biographical or Retrospective Study
Participant’s past is reconstructed through interviews and other research about their life
Advantages
Great detail about life of individual
In-depth study of one person
Disadvantages
Recall of individual may not be accurate
Can be expensive and time consuming

6. Issues in Developmental Psychology
Details
Nature/Nurture
How do genetic inheritance (our nature) and experience (the nurture we receive) influence our behavior?
Continuity/Stages
Is developmental a gradual, continuous process or a sequence of separate stages?
Stability/Change
Do our early personality traits persist through life, or do we become different persons as we age.

7. Nature vs. Nurture Nature – Biological Instincts, Genes, Inheritance
Genotypes
Nurture – Social and Environmental Experiences
Phenotypes
Can we develop beyond our genetics and environment?
Seeking experiences – some do it better….
Hug them, ignore them, read to them…
Does parenting matter? (Scarr, Harris)
How will you parent?

8. Do early or later life experiences matter more?
Can the first year of life determine your entire future?
Some say without nurturing you can’t reach full potential
Others say power of later cognitive development is more important
Resilience – person’s ability to recover or adapt to difficult times
When does the ability to face adversity occur?
It is important because it is a major factor in determining capable adults

9. Prenatal Development
The Course of Prenatal Development: How, over time, did we come to be who we are? From zygote to birth, development progresses in an orderly, though fragile, sequence.

10. Conception
A single sperm cell (male) penetrates the outer coating of the egg (female) and fuses to form one fertilized cell.
Your most fortunate of moments!
Out of the 200 million sperm and 5000 eggs ‘you’ won the race.

11. The Course of Prenatal Development
Germinal Period – Conception week 2
Zygote, made up of cells
Embryonic Period – Weeks 3-8
Organs began to appear
Neural Tube in 3rd Week (Spinal Cord)
By end of period -> Heart Beat, Arms and Legs, Intestines, Face
Fetal Period – Months 2-9
From Kidney bean to baby
Embryo at 40 Days
Embryo at 45 Days

12. Prenatal Development Placenta Critical period Teratogens Preterm
Connects fetus to mother
Brings oxygen and nutrients
Takes away waste
Critical period
A time during development when influences have major effect
Teratogens
Substances that can damage an embryo or fetus
Preterm
STI Exposures
Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders

13. Prenatal Development
A zygote is a fertilized cell with cells that become increasingly diverse.
At about 14 days the zygote turns into an embryo (a and b).
Embryo at 40 Days
Embryo at 45 Days
OBJECTIVE 3| Define zygote, embryo and fetus, and explain how teratogens can affect development.
Zygote

14. Embryo at
approximately
7 weeks:
Eyes, fingers,
toes and most internal
organs have formed,
but are not yet fully functional.
The child has its own blood type, distinct from the mother's.
Own muscle Movements
8 weeks –
The unborn child, called a fetus at this stage, is about half an inch long.
The tiny baby is protected by the amniotic sac, filled with fluid.
Inside, the child swims and moves gracefully.
The arms and legs have lengthened, and fingers can be seen.
The toes will develop in the next few days.
Brain waves can now be measured.
10 Weeks – Heart Fully Developed, Baby Teeth, blood oxygenated by placenta
weeks Vocal chords are complete, and the child can and does sometimes cry silently.
The brain is fully formed, and the child can feel pain.
The fetus may even suck his thumb.
The eyelids now cover the eyes, and will remain shut until the seventh month to protect the delicate optical nerve fibers.
Notice head size and chest size in comparison to an adult.
Muscles lengthen and become organized.
The mother will soon start feeling the first flutters of the unborn child kicking and moving within.
The fetus has an adult's taste buds and may be able to savor the mother's meals.
Foods the mother eats can affect movement of the baby

15. 20 weeks – The child can hear and recognize her mother's voice.
Though still small and fragile, the baby is growing rapidly and could possibly survive if born at this stage.
Fingernails and fingerprints appear.
Sex organs are visible.
Using an ultrasound device, the doctor can tell if the child is a girl or a boy. This is a a baby girl.

16. 5 months old
Beginning to form hair on all body parts
Definite sleep/awake cycles now.
REM sleep occurs.
Approximately 8-10 inches long and 1 to 2 pounds
Body position is often still “head up”
Baby is viable at this point with at least a 50/50 chance of survival outside the womb.

17. 30 weeks –
For several months, the umbilical cord has been the baby's lifeline to the mother.
Nourishment is transferred from the mother's blood, through the placenta, and into the umbilical cord to the fetus.
If the mother ingests any toxic substances, such as drugs or alcohol, the baby receives these as well.

18. 7 months. Room is getting tight at this point.
The baby is less able to move, squirms and pushes more than flutters and kicks.
Most babies begins to get into a head down position getting ready for birth.

19. 32 weeks –
The fetus sleeps 90-95% of the day with REM sleep dominating the sleep cycle, an indication of dreaming.
The baby is very viable at this point, with a 75% or higher chance of survival.
If the baby is born, the concerns are with adequate lung development. Final lung development does not occur until about 37 weeks.

20. Click the woman in labor to watch a birthing video.
Birth at weeks
40 weeks is normal gestation
The baby weighs on average 7 lbs. and is 20 inches long.
At birth the baby can see, hear, move and recognizes the voices of her parents or others who have been near the mother.
Click the woman in labor to watch a birthing video.
Please be aware that it is graphic….beautiful but can be difficult to watch.

21. Human Development
Childhood Physical Development

22. Developing Brain
The developing brain overproduces neurons. Peaking around 28 billion at 7 months, these neurons are pruned to 23 billion at birth. The greatest neuronal spurt is in the frontal lobe enabling the individual to think rationally.
The development of the brain unfolds based on genetic instructions, causing various bodily and mental functions to occur in sequence— standing before walking, babbling before talking—this is called maturation.
Maturation sets the basic course of development, while experience adjusts it.

23. Maturation Physical growth, regardless of the environment.
Although the timing of our growth may be different, the sequence is almost always the same.
Children grow about 10 inches and gain about 15 pounds in first year
Growth occurs in spurts, as much as 1 inch overnight
Growth slows during second year
Click to see movie of Captain Marvel and his maturation.

24. Maturation and Infant Memory
The earliest age of conscious memory is around 3½ years (Bauer, 2002). A 5-year-old has a sense of self and an increased long-term memory, thus organization of memory is different from 3-4 years.
OBJECTIVE 7| Explain why we have few memories of experiences during our first three years of life.

25. Reflexes Sucking Swallowing Stepping
Newborn’s tendency to suck on objects placed in the mouth
Swallowing
Enables newborn babies to swallow liquids without choking
Stepping
Stepping motions made by an infant when held upright
Click Me

26. Motor Development Developmental Norms
Ages by which an average child achieves various developmental milestones
First, infants begin to roll over. Next, they sit unsupported, crawl, and finally walk.
Experience has little effect on this sequence.

27. Perceptual Abilities
Difficult for psychologists as babies cannot talk.
Vision
Clear for 8-10 inches
Good vision by 6 months
Depth perception
Visual cliff research
Other senses
Ears are functional prior to birth
Infants particularly tune in to human voices
Taste and smell are fully functional
Sticky Mittens – Quicker Manipulation
Click Me

28. Click The Cartoon for an old school view on puberty
Human Development
Adolescent Physical Development
Click The Cartoon for an old school view on puberty

29. Puberty
The period of sexual maturation, during which a person becomes capable of reproducing.

30. Primary Sex Characteristics
Testosterone (Androgen) – Male sex hormone responsible for developments in genitals, height, voice change
Estradiol (Estrogen) – Female sex hormone responsible for breast and hip growth, uterine, skeletal development
Menarche for girls.
First ejaculation for boys.

31. Secondary Sexual Characteristics
Non-reproductive sexual characteristics.
Body Hair
Widening of the Hips
Deeper Voice
Breast Development

32. The Brain Physical Change Connected to Socioemotional Development
Amygdala (Emotion) and Prefrontal Cortex (reasoning and decision making) are offset
Strong emotional responses without the proper control of these passions.
Environment linked to bio development

33. Human Development
Adulthood and Physical Development

34. Adulthood All physical abilities essentially peak by our mid twenties.
Then it all goes downhill.
Adulthood

35. Physical Milestones Menopause in woman Decline in speed and strength
Estrogen Decline
Decline in speed and strength
Skin wrinkles and sags
Decrease in height
Perception Loss
Hearing starts at 18!

36. Theories of Aging
Free Radical – Unstable oxygen molecules produce inside of cells. Damage DNA
Hormonal Stress – As hormonal system ages our ability to resist stress and disease is diminished
Cellular Clock – Cells ability to divide lessens as we age

37. Life Expectancy Life Expectancy keeps increasing- now about 75.
Women outlive men by about 4 years.
But more men are conceived
126 to 100.
Then 105 to 100 by birth.
In other words, men die easier.
Okinawan's live longer than everyone else… Why?