1. Initial sequencing and analysis of the human genome Averya Johnson Nick Patrick Aaron Lerner Joel Burrill Computer Science 4G October 18, 2005

2. How and why the human genome project was started There was a dynamic interplay of goals and aspirations that initially drove scientists to undertake the monumental task of sequencing the human genome.

3. Planning the project Early 1980s: realizations about what a global genome project would require and could accomplish: could accelerate biomedical research but would require global cooperation 1984-1986: first discussions about the idea of sequencing the entire human genome 1988: U.S. endorses the idea, but realizes that project must encompass several things: creation of genetic, physical, and sequence maps of genome, development of new genetic technology to support the program, research into ethical, legal, and social issues

4. Progress of the project Early 1990s: groups began to collaborate and sequence, pilot projects to determine if the overall project was feasible 1995: construction of genetic and physical map of the human and mouse genomes, sequencing of the yeast and worm genomes Late 1990s: Human Genome Organization created to coordinate efforts October 7, 2000: human genome draft sequence released J. Craig Venter, head of Celera, and Francis Collins, head of the Human Genome Project

5. How the human genome was sequenced and technologies involved Many important technologies were vital in sequencing human genetic data on a large scale during the Human Genome Project. These technologies, as well as group collaboration and effective execution of their applications, were essential to making the project a success.

6. Technologies Whole genome shotgun sequencing vs. hierarchical shotgun sequencing: decided to use hierarchical technique (Celera, however, used both techniques) Technologies for gathering and improving the quality of data: fluorescence-based sequence detection, specially designed polymerases, gel electrophoresis Automated sequencing techniques: automatic, faster, standardized sequencing algorithms

7. Generating sequence data 1.Cloning selected genome sequences 2.Sequencing the clones using hierarchical shotgun sequencing 3.Assembling sequenced clones into an overall, finished sequence 1.Filtering – eliminate contaminated segments 2.Layout – associate sequences with locations on a physical genomic map 3.Merging – ordering, orienting, and connecting overlapping sequences using computer algorithms

8. Group collaboration Important principles related to data sharing 1.Global effort: collaboration open to any sequencing center from any nation 2.Public, rapidly released data: all data will be released rapidly into public databases accessible by all groups involved in the project Collaboration extremely important and efficient Sequence data developed all around the world at different rates using different techniques However, data could be directly integrated because of standardized analysis procedures and rapidly released, readily available data

9. The result: a draft sequence Integrated draft sequence of the human genome released on October 7, 2000 Important to note that this is a draft sequence: errors and gaps in data A work in progress: data still being added, improvements being made to the physical genomic map, new clones are being sequenced to close the gaps and reduce errors

10. What scientists learned from the Human Genome Project Scientists have been able to draw many conclusions from the genetic sequence data gathered by the Human Genome Project. They have been able to draw direct conclusions about how different aspects of the sequence directly influence genes and human development.

11. Patterns in the human genome sequence  Variation in GC content: why do some regions of the genome have higher CG ratios while others may have lower?  CpG islands: similar to GC content in that there are regions where the CpG dinucleotide occurs much more frequently

12. Repeat content of the human genome  Transposon-derived repeats: 45% of the human genome is composed of various transposable elements  Age distribution: transposable elements can be analyzed to determine, with relative accuracy, their age

13.  Comparison with other organisms: three distinct differences were found when comparing the transposable elements from those genomes to those of the human genome  Distribution of transposable elements: transposable elements are like GC content in that they occur more frequently in some portions of the genome Repeat content of the human genome

14. Gene content of the human genome  Non-coding RNAs: there are four major groups of non-coding RNAs  Protein-coding genes: one of the more difficult parts of the project, but also one of the most important

15. Applications in medicine and the future of human genome research The Human Genome Project was not just about coming up with a nucleotide sequence, as there are many applications for the data in real life. And though the human genome has basically been sequenced, scientists still have a long way to go in terms of understanding and finalizing the draft sequence.

16. Applications in medicine and biology Identifying disease genes: will allow a more rapid identification of susceptibility to a disease Finding drug targets: will help us to understand how diseases work within the body, develop personalized medicine, better treatment Applications to basic biology: will allow us to more fully understand how body processes work

17. The future of human genome research What is still left to do? Finish the sequence: gaps and errors in the data Identify all genes and proteins: much is still unknown about the genes in the human genome and the proteins they produce Sequence other genomes: conclusions about the human genome can be drawn from comparing it to other organisms Understand the function of sequences: scientists still have much to figure out about what sequences code for and how they work