1. THE BIOLOGY OF STEM CELLS Melissa Henriksen, PhD Clare Boothe Luce Assistant Professor Biological Sciences

2. The Biology of All Cells DNAmRNAProtein transcriptiontranslation 5’cap 3’polyA tail

3. Gene Expression DNAmRNAProtein transcriptiontranslation

4. Different Cell Types Same DNA Different Gene Expression pancreaticboneneurons ES

5. The Biology of Stem Cells Embryonic Stem Cells The Concept of Potency Adult Stem Cells Advances in Stem Cell Science

6. Human Embryogenesis

7. Embryonic Stem Cells & IVF Stem Cell Research

8. Commitment in Embryogenesis Cell Commitment Cells make “Decisions” “Decisions” determine cell’s fate Thought to be irreversible

9. The Blastocyst

10. Culturing Embryonic Stem Cells

11. What is a Stem Cell? Two identical daughters Self-renewal Differentiate Somatic Cell Stem Cell

12. Potency The range of commitment options available to a cell Totipotent Pluripotent Multipotent Oligopotent Unipotent Potency

13. PluripotentMultipotent

14. Adult Stem Cell Differentiation

15. Adult Stem Cell Plasticity

16. Amniotic Fluid-derived Stem Cells

17. Potency The range of commitment options available to a cell Totipotent Pluripotent Multipotent Oligopotent Unipotent Potency Embryonic Adult Amniotic

18. Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer DOLLY 1997 “Decisions” not irreversible

19. SCNT & Animals

20. SCNT & Humans

21. ?

22. SCNT & Cancer Cells start with cancer cell Breast cancer Leukemia Lymphoma Melanoma Pluripotent Stem Cells Melanoma Tetraploid Complementation E9.5

23. Advances in Stem Cell Science Avoid ethical issues Egg donation Matched stem cells Develop cell-based disease models Understand the science Parthenogenesis 8-cell Blastomere Altered Nuclear Transfer Molecular Reprogramming

24. Parthenogenesis Asexual Reproduction Normal in Reptiles; Not seen in Mammals Trick human eggs to undergo in the lab Immunologically matched to egg donor “Universal Donor?” Not Viable No “Potential Human Being”

25. 8-cell Blastomere PGD - Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis 1 of 8 cells removed ACT cultured embryonic stem cell line from one cell

26. Altered Nuclear Transfer Idea suggested by President’s Council on Bioethics Apply a genetic trick in the somatic cell nucleus Blastocyst generated is not viable No “Potential Human Being” Proof-of-Principle demonstrated in mice by scientists at MIT’s Whitehead Institute

27. Molecular Reprogramming Potency Goal: Manipulate a somatic cell’s potency Totipotent Pluripotent Multipotent Oligopotent Unipotent somatic cell

28. Molecular Reprogramming Cell Fusion Cell Extract Cell Explantation Add Four Factors pluripotent + 4 Factors pluripotent x pluripotent

29. Bibliography AFS SCNT –Cancer cells ANT Blastomere Parthenogenesis Molecular Reprogramming –Cell Fusion –Cell Extract –Cell Explantation –Defined Factors