1. Organic Chemistry & Acids/Bases
Welcome To
The GowerHour

2. I. Polymers
I. Polymers: A polymer is a compound with a repeating unit, called a ___________, and contains a ______ molar mass.
Types of Polymers
Natural polymers:
Rubber (______________)
Biological compounds:
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
Synthetic polymers:
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
monomer
high
polyisoprene
Proteins
Nucleic acids (DNA & RNA)
Cellulose
Starch
Nylon
Polyester
PVC
Plexiglass

3. B. Reaction Types
Addition reaction: One molecule _____ to another molecule.
Monomer: _________
Example: Polyethylene
adds
ethylene H C C C C C C

4. Addition Reaction
Monomer: _____________
Example: Polyvinyl chloride (____)
Vinyl chloride H Cl C
PVC C Cl C Cl C Cl C Cl C Cl

5. The simple repeating unit of a polymer is the monomer.
Homopolymer is a polymer made up of only one type of monomer
( CF2 CF2 )n
Teflon
( CH2 CH2 )n
Polyethylene
( CH2 CH )n Cl
PVC

6. Condensation reactions: A ____ molecule is formed in the reaction.
Amine group (amino):
Carboxylic acid group (carboxyl):
Example: Polyester
H2O N H ··
NH2 or O ··  C H
COOH or  O ·· C H + H O
CH2 OH
H2O
Dehydration synthesis
vs Hydrolysis  O ·· C H
CH2 OH
ester
ester

7. Example: Proteins (Alanine + Glycine)
H2N C C OH + H2N C C OH H
CH3 O
Peptide bond
R group
H2O
(Dehydration Synthesis)
H2N C C N C C OH + H2O H
CH3 O

9. Amino acids are the basic structural units of proteins
Amino acids are the basic structural units of proteins. An amino acid is a compound that contains at least one amino group (-NH2) and at least one carboxyl group (-COOH)
Peptide bond = _______ group : ______________
dipeptide = ___ amino acids
tripeptide = ___ amino acids
polypeptide = ______ amino acids = _______
amide
carboxyl group 2 3
many
protein

10. Example: Glycogen, cellulose, and starch (Polysaccharides)
Monomer: _________
glucose
Complex carbohydrates C O
CH2OH HO OH or

11. Glycogen: Animals store energy in the form of glycogen & turn it back into glucose as needed.

12. Cellulose: The most common organic compound on Earth (ie. cotton)
Hydrogen Bonds (Cross-linking)
Plants use cellulose for strength. The cellulose chains are all stretched out, and like to stay right next to each other, like raw spaghetti that's all stuck together. That's why cellulose can hold up the tallest trees!

13. Starch:
Starch is a compact way to store a lot of glucose in a small space. Our bodies break the starch down into glucose, which can be used for energy.
Even though starch and cellulose are both made from the same sugar (glucose), they act very differently (because the glucose molecules are joined together differently). Starch will dissolve in water, but cellulose won't. So we make food from starches and we build things and make clothing out of cellulose.

14. Acids & Bases Properties of acids and bases: Acids 2. Bases (a) (a)
(b) (b)
(c) (c)
(d) (d)
(e) (e)
Sour
Bitter
Changes the color of acid-base indicator.
Changes the color of acid-base indicator.
Some react w/metals
Slippery
React w/bases to form salts
React w/acids to form salts
Conducts electric current
Conducts electric current
Blue Litmus Paper: Blue to Red Acid
Red Litmus Paper: Red to Blue Base

15. B. Bronsted-Lowry Acids and Bases
Acids: H+ ________
Example:
Bases: H+ ________
Amphoteric substances: Can behave like an _____ and a _____.
Donor
List of strong acids: HNO3, H2SO4, HCl, HClO4, HBr, HI
HCl (aq) H+
+ Cl
HCN (aq)  H+
+ CN
List of strong bases: LiOH, NaOH, KOH, Ca(OH)2, Ba(OH)2, Sr(OH)2
Acceptor
OH + H+
H2O
CN + H+ 
HCN
acid
base  H+  H+
Contains both a H+ and  charge.
H2CO3
HCO3 H+
+ CO32

16. C. Acid-Base Reactions (Conjugate acid-base pairs)
(Differ by only a H+)
(CB)
(CA)
HNO ClO
H2SO3 + OH
H2CO3 + BrO2
H3PO4 + C2O42 
HClO
+ NO2
Acid
Base
(CB)
(CA)
H2O
+ HSO3  
Acid
Base
(CB)
(CA) 
HBrO2
+ HCO3
Acid
Base
(CB)
(CA) 
H2PO4
+ HC2O4
Acid
Base

17. C. pH Scale: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Acid Rain NaOH Lye H2SO4
Neutral
H2SO4
Acidic
Alkaline/Basic 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
Acid Rain
High quality H2O

18. D. In impure water (contains an acidic or basic substance):
  If [H+] > 1.0 x 10-7 M, solution is _______.
If [H+] < 1.0 x 10-7 M, solution is _________________.
If [H+] = 1.0 x 10-7 M, solution is _________.
acidic
basic or alkaline
neutral
1.0 x 10−7 = pH 7 
1.0 x 10−2 =
pH 2
pH < 7 = acid
pH > 7 = base
1.0 x 10−5 =
pH 5
pH = 7 = neutral
1.0 x 10−11 =
pH 11

19. The End !!!!