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C. Mark Zheng © 2008. All rights reserved. How to Draw Lewis Dot Structures (Demo)

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1 C. Mark Zheng © 2008. All rights reserved. How to Draw Lewis Dot Structures (Demo)

2 C. Mark Zheng © 2008. All rights reserved. How to Draw Lewis Dot Structures (Demo) Hydrogen Cyanide (HCN)

3 C. Mark Zheng © 2008. All rights reserved. Step 1: Identify the central atom and draw the outer atoms around it.

4 C. Mark Zheng © 2008. All rights reserved. Hydrogen Cyanide (HCN)

5 C. Mark Zheng © 2008. All rights reserved. Hydrogen Cyanide (HCN) Carbon is the central atom

6 C. Mark Zheng © 2008. All rights reserved. Hydrogen Cyanide (HCN) C

7 C. Mark Zheng © 2008. All rights reserved. Hydrogen Cyanide (HCN) C H

8 C. Mark Zheng © 2008. All rights reserved. Hydrogen Cyanide (HCN) C HN

9 C. Mark Zheng © 2008. All rights reserved. Step 2: Connect each outer atom to the central atom using a dash.

10 C. Mark Zheng © 2008. All rights reserved. Hydrogen Cyanide (HCN) C HN

11 C. Mark Zheng © 2008. All rights reserved. Hydrogen Cyanide (HCN) C HN

12 C. Mark Zheng © 2008. All rights reserved. Hydrogen Cyanide (HCN) C HN

13 C. Mark Zheng © 2008. All rights reserved. Step 3: Count the total number of valence electrons..

14 C. Mark Zheng © 2008. All rights reserved. Hydrogen Cyanide (HCN) C HN

15 C. Mark Zheng © 2008. All rights reserved. Hydrogen Cyanide (HCN) C HN H = 1 e -

16 C. Mark Zheng © 2008. All rights reserved. Hydrogen Cyanide (HCN) C HN H = 1 e - C = 4 e -

17 C. Mark Zheng © 2008. All rights reserved. Hydrogen Cyanide (HCN) C HN H = 1 e - C = 4 e - N = 5 e -

18 C. Mark Zheng © 2008. All rights reserved. Hydrogen Cyanide (HCN) C HN H = 1 e - C = 4 e - + N = 5 e -

19 C. Mark Zheng © 2008. All rights reserved. Hydrogen Cyanide (HCN) C HN H = 1 e - C = 4 e - + N = 5 e -

20 C. Mark Zheng © 2008. All rights reserved. Hydrogen Cyanide (HCN) C HN H = 1 e - C = 4 e - + N = 5 e - Total = 10 e -

21 C. Mark Zheng © 2008. All rights reserved. Step 4: Fill each outer atom with electrons such that the outer atoms obey the octet rule.

22 C. Mark Zheng © 2008. All rights reserved. Hydrogen Cyanide (HCN) C HN

23 C. Mark Zheng © 2008. All rights reserved. Hydrogen Cyanide (HCN) C HN Hydrogen

24 C. Mark Zheng © 2008. All rights reserved. Hydrogen Cyanide (HCN) C HN Hydrogen

25 C. Mark Zheng © 2008. All rights reserved. Hydrogen Cyanide (HCN) C HN Hydrogen 1

26 C. Mark Zheng © 2008. All rights reserved. Hydrogen Cyanide (HCN) C HN Hydrogen 1 2

27 C. Mark Zheng © 2008. All rights reserved. Hydrogen Cyanide (HCN) C HN Hydrogen  full (2e - max for H) 1 2

28 C. Mark Zheng © 2008. All rights reserved. Hydrogen Cyanide (HCN) C HN Nitrogen 1 2

29 C. Mark Zheng © 2008. All rights reserved. Hydrogen Cyanide (HCN) C HN Nitrogen 1 2

30 C. Mark Zheng © 2008. All rights reserved. Hydrogen Cyanide (HCN) C HN Nitrogen 11 2

31 C. Mark Zheng © 2008. All rights reserved. Hydrogen Cyanide (HCN) C HN Nitrogen 1 2

32 C. Mark Zheng © 2008. All rights reserved. Hydrogen Cyanide (HCN) C HN Nitrogen  need 6 more 1 2

33 C. Mark Zheng © 2008. All rights reserved. Hydrogen Cyanide (HCN) C HN Nitrogen 1 2 3 ●

34 C. Mark Zheng © 2008. All rights reserved. Hydrogen Cyanide (HCN) C HN Nitrogen 1 2 3 4 ●● 1 2

35 C. Mark Zheng © 2008. All rights reserved. Hydrogen Cyanide (HCN) C HN Nitrogen 1 2 3 4 5 ●● ● 1 2

36 C. Mark Zheng © 2008. All rights reserved. Hydrogen Cyanide (HCN) C HN Nitrogen 1 2 3 4 5 6 ●● ● ● 1 2

37 C. Mark Zheng © 2008. All rights reserved. Hydrogen Cyanide (HCN) C HN Nitrogen 1 2 3 4 5 6 ●● ● ● 7 ● 1 2

38 C. Mark Zheng © 2008. All rights reserved. Hydrogen Cyanide (HCN) C HN Nitrogen 1 2 3 4 5 6 ●● ● ● 8 7 ●● 1 2

39 C. Mark Zheng © 2008. All rights reserved. Step 5: Apply leftover electrons to the central atom.

40 C. Mark Zheng © 2008. All rights reserved. Hydrogen Cyanide (HCN) C HN 1 2 3 4 5 6 ●● ● ● 8 7 ●● H = 1 e - C = 4 e - + N = 5 e - Total = 10 e - 1 2

41 C. Mark Zheng © 2008. All rights reserved. Hydrogen Cyanide (HCN) C HN 1 2 3 4 5 6 ●● ● ● 8 7 ●● H = 1 e - C = 4 e - + N = 5 e - Total = 10 e - used = 10 e - 1 2

42 C. Mark Zheng © 2008. All rights reserved. Hydrogen Cyanide (HCN) C HN 1 2 3 4 5 6 ●● ● ● 8 7 ●● H = 1 e - C = 4 e - + N = 5 e - Total = 10 e - - used = 10 e - 1 2

43 C. Mark Zheng © 2008. All rights reserved. Hydrogen Cyanide (HCN) C HN 1 2 3 4 5 6 ●● ● ● 8 7 ●● H = 1 e - C = 4 e - + N = 5 e - Total = 10 e - - used = 10 e - 1 2

44 C. Mark Zheng © 2008. All rights reserved. Hydrogen Cyanide (HCN) C HN 1 2 3 4 5 6 ●● ● ● 8 7 ●● H = 1 e - C = 4 e - + N = 5 e - Total = 10 e - - used = 10 e - left = 0 e - 1 2

45 C. Mark Zheng © 2008. All rights reserved. Hydrogen Cyanide (HCN) C HN 1 2 3 4 5 6 ●● ● ● 8 7 ●● H = 1 e - C = 4 e - + N = 5 e - Total = 10 e - - used = 10 e - left = 0 e - 1 2 No (zero) electron go on the central atom (C)

46 C. Mark Zheng © 2008. All rights reserved. Step 6: Check each atom to see if the octet rule is obeyed.

47 C. Mark Zheng © 2008. All rights reserved. Hydrogen Cyanide (HCN) C HN 1 2 3 4 5 6 ●● ● ● 8 7 ●● 1 2

48 C. Mark Zheng © 2008. All rights reserved. Hydrogen Cyanide (HCN) C HN 1 2 3 4 5 6 ●● ● ● 8 7 ●● 1 2 We the electrons were assigned to the outer atoms, we made sure they obey the octet rule; therefore we need only check the central atom – carbon.

49 C. Mark Zheng © 2008. All rights reserved. Hydrogen Cyanide (HCN) C HN ●● ● ● ●●

50 C. Mark Zheng © 2008. All rights reserved. Hydrogen Cyanide (HCN) C HN ●● ● ● ●● 1

51 C. Mark Zheng © 2008. All rights reserved. Hydrogen Cyanide (HCN) C HN ●● ● ● ●● 1 2

52 C. Mark Zheng © 2008. All rights reserved. Hydrogen Cyanide (HCN) C HN ●● ● ● ●● 1 23

53 C. Mark Zheng © 2008. All rights reserved. Hydrogen Cyanide (HCN) C HN ●● ● ● ●● 1 23 4

54 C. Mark Zheng © 2008. All rights reserved. Hydrogen Cyanide (HCN) C HN ●● ● ● ●● 1 23 4 4

55 C. Mark Zheng © 2008. All rights reserved. Hydrogen Cyanide (HCN) C HN ●● ● ● ●● 1 23 4 4 X

56 C. Mark Zheng © 2008. All rights reserved. Hydrogen Cyanide (HCN) C HN ●● ● ● ●● 1 23 4 4 X – Does NOT obey the octet rule

57 C. Mark Zheng © 2008. All rights reserved. Step 7: Move a pair of non-bonding (or lone pair) electrons from the outer atom to form a new bond with the central atom.

58 C. Mark Zheng © 2008. All rights reserved. Hydrogen Cyanide (HCN) C HN ●● ● ● ●●

59 C. Mark Zheng © 2008. All rights reserved. Hydrogen Cyanide (HCN) C HN ●● ● ● ●●

60 C. Mark Zheng © 2008. All rights reserved. Hydrogen Cyanide (HCN) C HN ●● ● ●

61 C. Mark Zheng © 2008. All rights reserved. Check Octet Rule Again

62 C. Mark Zheng © 2008. All rights reserved. Hydrogen Cyanide (HCN) C HN ●● ● ● 1

63 C. Mark Zheng © 2008. All rights reserved. Hydrogen Cyanide (HCN) C HN ●● ● ● 1 2

64 C. Mark Zheng © 2008. All rights reserved. Hydrogen Cyanide (HCN) C HN ●● ● ● 1 2 3

65 C. Mark Zheng © 2008. All rights reserved. Hydrogen Cyanide (HCN) C HN ●● ● ● 1 2 3 4

66 C. Mark Zheng © 2008. All rights reserved. Hydrogen Cyanide (HCN) C HN ●● ● ● 1 2 3 4 5

67 C. Mark Zheng © 2008. All rights reserved. Hydrogen Cyanide (HCN) C HN ●● ● ● 1 2 3 4 5 6

68 C. Mark Zheng © 2008. All rights reserved. Hydrogen Cyanide (HCN) C HN ●● ● ● 1 2 3 4 5 6 6

69 C. Mark Zheng © 2008. All rights reserved. Hydrogen Cyanide (HCN) C HN ●● ● ● 1 2 3 4 5 6 6 X

70 C. Mark Zheng © 2008. All rights reserved. Hydrogen Cyanide (HCN) C HN ●● ● ● 1 2 3 4 5 6 6 X – Does NOT obey the octet rule

71 C. Mark Zheng © 2008. All rights reserved. Hydrogen Cyanide (HCN) C HN ●● ● ●

72 C. Mark Zheng © 2008. All rights reserved. Hydrogen Cyanide (HCN) C HN ●● ● ●

73 C. Mark Zheng © 2008. All rights reserved. Hydrogen Cyanide (HCN) C HN ● ●

74 C. Mark Zheng © 2008. All rights reserved. Check Octet Rule Again

75 C. Mark Zheng © 2008. All rights reserved. Hydrogen Cyanide (HCN) C HN ● ●

76 C. Mark Zheng © 2008. All rights reserved. Hydrogen Cyanide (HCN) C HN ● ● 4 bonds around carbon = 8 e - + 0 lone pair e - around carbon = 0 e - valence electrons around carbon = 8 e -

77 C. Mark Zheng © 2008. All rights reserved. Hydrogen Cyanide (HCN) C HN ● ● 4 bonds around carbon = 8 e - + 0 lone pair e - around carbon = 0 e - valence electrons around carbon = 8 e - Octet rule is obeyed!

78 C. Mark Zheng © 2008. All rights reserved. Step 8 & 9: Check and minimize formal charge on all atoms.

79 C. Mark Zheng © 2008. All rights reserved. Step 8 & 9: Check and minimize formal charge on all atoms. F.C. = (normal # of valence e - ) – (# non-bonding e - + ½ # of bonding e - )

80 C. Mark Zheng © 2008. All rights reserved. Hydrogen Cyanide (HCN) C HN ● ●

81 C. Mark Zheng © 2008. All rights reserved. Hydrogen Cyanide (HCN) C HN ● ● AtomNormal # of Valence electrons # of non- bonding electrons # of bonding electrons Formal Charge

82 C. Mark Zheng © 2008. All rights reserved. Hydrogen Cyanide (HCN) C HN ● ● H = 1 - ( 0 + ½ (2) ) = 0 AtomNormal # of Valence electrons # of non- bonding electrons # of bonding electrons Formal Charge

83 C. Mark Zheng © 2008. All rights reserved. Hydrogen Cyanide (HCN) C HN ● ● H = 1 - ( 0 + ½ (2) ) = 0 C = 4 - ( 0 + ½ (8) ) = 0 AtomNormal # of Valence electrons # of non- bonding electrons # of bonding electrons Formal Charge

84 C. Mark Zheng © 2008. All rights reserved. Hydrogen Cyanide (HCN) C HN ● ● H = 1 - ( 0 + ½ (2) ) = 0 C = 4 - ( 0 + ½ (8) ) = 0 N = 5 - ( 2 + ½ (6) ) = 0 AtomNormal # of Valence electrons # of non- bonding electrons # of bonding electrons Formal Charge

85 C. Mark Zheng © 2008. All rights reserved. Hydrogen Cyanide (HCN) C HN ● ● H = 1 - ( 0 + ½ (2) ) = 0 C = 4 - ( 0 + ½ (8) ) = 0 N = 5 - ( 2 + ½ (6) ) = 0 All Formal Charges Minimized! AtomNormal # of Valence electrons # of non- bonding electrons # of bonding electrons Formal Charge

86 C. Mark Zheng © 2008. All rights reserved. Hydrogen Cyanide (HCN)

87 C. Mark Zheng © 2008. All rights reserved. Hydrogen Cyanide (HCN) Final Structure

88 C. Mark Zheng © 2008. All rights reserved. Hydrogen Cyanide (HCN) Final Structure C HN ● ●

89 C. Mark Zheng © 2008. All rights reserved. Hydrogen Cyanide (HCN) Final Structure C HN ● ●

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