1. Regional Scale Variability in Eastern Pacific: Relevance to SPURS-2 Campaign Janet Sprintall, Scripps Institution of Oceanography MoorSPICE Cruise, Solomon Sea SIO La Jolla Westpac Vietnam Sorry I can’t join you today but I am on travel!

2. Wind Forcing Kessler, W. The circulation of the eastern tropical Pacific: A review, PiO, 2006. Positive Curl: Upwelling in NH Note significant meridional component Surface layer variability in the eastern Pacific is influenced by the seasonal migration of the ITCZ (most northerly in ~November). In the far eastern Pacific, the ITCZ interacts with wind jets that blow through gaps that produce strong wind stress curl dipoles (+ve on left flank; -ve curl on right). Gap winds are strongest in winter; vary on short (weekly) time scales and generate coastal eddies

3. Precipitation Fiedler and Talley. Hydrography of the eastern tropical Pacific: A review, PiO, 2006. ITCZ: P>> E with a maximum slightly west of Gulf of Panama Also, high river runoff off western slope of Andes Also, MJO intraseasonal variability high in winter drives heavy rainfall Also, “temporales”, week- long periods of continuous rain but weak winds maybe related to interaction of ITCZ and Caribbean systems.

4. Near Surface Currents Sprintall, Kennan, Kim and Niiler, 2009 Wind-driven ageostrophic transport in the NECC of the Eastern Pacific., JPO. Mean surface velocity from drifters 1997-2006 Mean surface velocity from drifters June-July 1997-2006 Interaction of this local and remote wind forcing results in a complex current system in the far eastern Pacific! Examples: the upwelling curl of the ITCZ drives the eastward flowing NECC that can impact coastal regions particularly during boreal summer. wind stress curl from gap winds can change the regional thermocline slope and set up cyclonic flow in Gulf of Panama and Costa Rica Dome Western Pacific wind bursts can generate Kelvin waves that impact the Eastern Pacific

5. Surface Properties: SSS Similarly, the interaction of local and regional wind forcing influences the seasonal cycle of SSS and SST in the warm, fresh pool of the far eastern Pacific Summer (JAS) rainfall results in a fresh pool that is confined to the coast because of the stronger eastward flowing NECC. In winter, the gap winds kick in and drive upwelling of saltier water so that the fresh pool is destroyed in spring (AMJ). Note small “bumps” west of Gulf of Panama with opposing SSS sign. These are persistent features, but it is unclear if caused by interaction of regional currents (NECC/SEC) and/or gap wind forcing and/or correspond to precipitation maximum (see previous slide) Fiedler and Talley, 2006. Hydrography of the eastern tropical Pacific: A review, PiO.

6. Surface Properties: Barrier Layers In eastern Pacific boundary region the mixed layer (MLD) is extremely near to surface, and 10-20 m shallower than thermocline depth (ILD), resulting in formation of barrier layers Differences in annual cycles of MLD and ILD cause temporal variations in barrier layer -> stronger during boreal winter, when rainfall is high, but the gap winds also strong (and hence may erode the barrier layer)? Barrier Layer NDJ Fiedler and Talley, 2006. Hydrography of the eastern tropical Pacific: A review, PiO. Sprintall and Tomczak, 1992. Evidence of the barrier layer in the surface layer of the tropics, JGR.

7. Questions of Interest Focus is on understanding the role of the regional scale forcing and circulation in driving the seasonal patterns of salinity in SPURS-2 area. How does the regional ocean circulation (i.e. NECC; SEC) impact the local coastal circulation including eddy variability? What interplay between regional currents, local upwelling driven by gap wind and/or regional wind forcing, eddy variability and precipitation causes the distinctive SSS “bumps” in the far eastern Pacific? What mix of local (wind-driven upwelling, precipitation, background stratification etc.) and remote (Kelvin waves, regional advection etc.) forcing drives the seasonal variability in barrier layer formation?

8. Approach Addressing these links of the regional/large-scale circulation to the local circulation will consist of analysis of existing remotely sensed (winds, SSS, SST, precip etc.) and in situ (Argo, XBT/CTD etc) data sets to map the climatological local and regional fields Field work (CTD, TSG, hull-mounted ADCP and side-mounted high- freq. ADCP to resolve near-surface currents) required to examine the T-S-V characteristics of the upper ocean stratification (incl. MLD, barrier layer etc.) and circulation (incl. the very near-surface wind- driven Ekman transport) I look forward to future discussion and interaction Contact me at jsprintall@ucsd.edu